{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1783412156338,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Odontology"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:36:44Z","timestamp":1783409804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical safety, content coverage, and patient-centered language of AI responses to periodontal complaint-based queries: a comparative study of four large language models"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4358-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131","family":"Esen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5721-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"G\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0602-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Karay\u00fcrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","volume":"89","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S159\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.18-0006.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"1498_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12946","volume":"45","author":"PN Papapanou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, Flemmig TF, Garcia R, Giannobile WV, Graziani F, Greenwell H, Herrera D, Kao RT, Kebschull M, Kinane DF, Kirkwood KL, Kocher T, Kornman KS, Kumar PS, Loos BG, Machtei E, Meng H, Mombelli A, Needleman I, Offenbacher S, Seymour GJ, Teles R, Tonetti MS. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12946.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"1498_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x","volume":"28","author":"WJ Loesche","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:256\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"10","key":"1498_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05258-x","volume":"27","author":"S G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz S, Alt\u0131kat M. The association between periodontitis patients\u2019 chief complaints and the stage of periodontitis: a clinical retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(10):6261\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-023-05258-x.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"1498_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.385","volume":"7","author":"AA Abdulkareem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdulkareem AA, Imran NK, Abdulraheam RH, Gul SS. Prevalence and factors influencing reporting of true periodontal chief complaints: a retrospective analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021;7(4):443\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.385.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dent Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1498_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0205","volume":"130","author":"MA Brunsvold","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brunsvold MA, Nair P, Oates TW Jr. Chief complaints of patients seeking treatment for periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130(3):359\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0205.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1498_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12668","volume":"44","author":"I Bizzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bizzi I, Ghezzi P, Paudyal P. Health information quality of websites on periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(3):308\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12668.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1498_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13546","volume":"27","author":"B Kanmaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanmaz B, Buduneli N. Evaluation of information quality on the internet for periodontal disease patients. Oral Dis. 2021;27(2):348\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.13546.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1498_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298597","volume":"19","author":"J Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu J, Li D, Lin M. YouTube as an information source for bleeding gums: a quantitative and qualitative analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0298597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298597.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99371-4","volume":"15","author":"M Yelbay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yelbay M, Karacaoglu F, Kurumlu M. Evaluation of the quality and reliability of Turkish and English YouTube video contents on gingival recession treatment. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):14444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-99371-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1498_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akba\u015f M, Demir N, Bozoklu B, Yaman D. Assessing the quality and reliability of YouTube\u2122 content on dental cleaning over time. Inf Health Soc Care 2026;6:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538157.2025.2606850","DOI":"10.1080\/17538157.2025.2606850"},{"issue":"9","key":"1498_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46213","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46213","volume":"15","author":"R Alan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alan R, Alan BM. Utilizing ChatGPT-4 for providing information on periodontal disease to patients: a DISCERN quality analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e46213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.46213.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"1498_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2402220111","volume":"55","author":"JH Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee JH, Oh SH, Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Kim YT. Evaluating the quality and empathy of responses to patient questions on the Korean Academy of Periodontology\u2019s online question and answer section: a cross-sectional study comparing periodontists and an AI-powered chatbot. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2025;55(6):485\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5051\/jpis.2402220111.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Implant Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1498_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7126\/cumudj.1673333","volume":"28","author":"MA Tayman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tayman MA. Validity and reliability of responses to periodontology questions by four different artificial intelligence chatbots as public information sources. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2025;28(3):390\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7126\/cumudj.1673333.","journal-title":"Cumhuriyet Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07387-z","volume":"26","author":"CZ Koyuncuoglu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koyuncuoglu CZ, Selcuker AH, Ozyilmaz E. The reliability of answers from four different AI chatbots on periodontology theoretical exam questions: an evaluation in dental education. BMC Oral Health. 2025;26(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-07387-z.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06863-w","volume":"25","author":"M Tuzlal\u0131","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tuzlal\u0131 M, Baki N, Aral K, Aral CA, Bah\u00e7e E. Evaluating the performance of AI chatbots in responding to dental implant FAQs: a comparative study. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06863-w.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06624-9","volume":"25","author":"A Arpaci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arpaci A, Ozturk AU, Okur I, Sadry S. Evaluation of the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 and Gemini\u2019s responses to the World Dental Federation\u2019s frequently asked questions on oral health. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):1293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06624-9.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1498_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.13020","volume":"41","author":"Y Guven","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guven Y, Ozdemir OT, Kavan MY. Performance of artificial intelligence chatbots in responding to patient queries related to traumatic dental injuries: a comparative study. Dent Traumatol. 2025;41(3):338\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/edt.13020.","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06050-x","volume":"25","author":"Y \u00d6zbay","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6zbay Y, Erdo\u011fan D, Din\u00e7er GA. Evaluation of the performance of large language models in clinical decision-making in endodontics. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25(1):648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06050-x.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1498_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2025.01.001","volume":"139","author":"D Helvacioglu-Yigit","year":"2025","unstructured":"Helvacioglu-Yigit D, Demirturk H, Ali K, Tamimi D, Koenig L, Almashraqi A. Evaluating artificial intelligence chatbots for patient education in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2025;139(6):750\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2025.01.001.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1498_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","volume":"183","author":"JW Ayers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, Leas EC, Zhu Z, Kelley JB, Faix DJ, Goodman AM, Longhurst CA, Hogarth M, Smith DM. Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):589\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1498_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52597","DOI":"10.2196\/52597","volume":"26","author":"V Sorin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sorin V, Brin D, Barash Y, Konen E, Charney A, Nadkarni G, Klang E. Large language models and empathy: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e52597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/52597.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02008-z","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen S, Gao M, Sasse K, Hartvigsen T, Anthony B, Fan L, Aerts H, Gallifant J, Bitterman DS. When helpfulness backfires: LLMs and the risk of false medical information due to sycophantic behavior. NPJ Digit Med. 2025;8(1):605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-02008-z.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1498_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qfae055","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfae055","volume":"12","author":"CJ Warren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warren CJ, Edmonds VS, Payne NG, Voletti S, Wu SY, Colquitt J, Sadeghi-Nejad H, Punjani N. Prompt matters: evaluation of large language model chatbot responses related to Peyronie\u2019s disease. Sex Med. 2024;12(4):qfae055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sexmed\/qfae055.","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1498_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15413","volume":"1550","author":"E Lopez-Lopez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lopez-Lopez E, Abels CM, Holford D, Herzog SM, Lewandowsky S. Generative artificial intelligence\u2013mediated confirmation bias in health information seeking. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2025;1550(1):23\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.15413.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Odontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:36:45Z","timestamp":1783409805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["1498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01498-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1247","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, human data, or biological material requiring ethics committee approval. The analysis was limited to publicly accessible AI-generated responses.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}