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In each of the sixty caries-free human maxillary premolars, standardized mesial and distal cavities were prepared 5\u00a0mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction. The specimens were randomly allocated to the experimental groups RC-Z250 (Scotchbond Universal SE &amp; Z250, 3M, Seefeld, Germany), GIC-DF (DeltaFil, DMG, Hamburg, Germany), GIC-EF (Equia Forte, GC, Tokyo, Japan), and GIC-KF (Ketac Fil, 3M, Seefeld, Germany) (n = 15). In each group, restorations were placed either simulating conditions of absolute (Control) or inadequate (Test) moisture control. After water storage for 100d (37\u00b0C, 100% humidity), specimens were subjected to thermocycling (10.000 thermal cycles; 5\u201355\u00b0C), and a continuous-culture\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm model for 10d. The integrated mineral loss \u0394Z was measured along the tooth-restoration interface (dentin wall lesion; DWL) and the outer surface of the root dentin (dentin surface lesion; DSL) using transverse microradiography. Only group RC-Z250 exhibited significant differences in mineral losses \u0394Z between Control and Test lesions in DSLs (\u0394Z\n                    <jats:sub>ctrl<\/jats:sub>\n                    :\u00a0704; 517\/1329 vol%\u00d7\u00b5m; \u0394Z\n                    <jats:sub>test<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 1629; 1460\/1996 vol%\u00d7\u00b5m; p &lt; 0.05, Wilcoxon) whereas no significant Control-Test difference was observed for DWLs in RC-Z250 or for DSLs and DWLs in the tested GIC groups. In DSLs, the RC-Z250 Controls demonstrated significantly less mineral loss compared to all GIC groups, while the mineral loss adjacent to the Test-restorations did not differ significantly from that of the other groups (p &lt; 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis\/Dunn-Bonferroni). The differences in mineral loss (\u0394\u0394Z = \u0394Z\n                    <jats:sub>test<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2212 \u0394Z\n                    <jats:sub>ctrl<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) across all groups were not significant (Kruskal-Wallis; p &gt; 0.05). Direct comparison of moisture-associated differences in mineral loss did not reveal significant differences among restorative materials. Under ideal moisture-control conditions, RC-Z250 showed lower mineral loss in DSLs than the investigated GICs, but this finding should be interpreted cautiously due to the simplified model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01581-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:17:19Z","timestamp":1791940639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of moisture control on root caries progression adjacent to different restorative materials in an in-vitro biofilm model"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9215-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basel","family":"Kharbot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allam","family":"Al-Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1581_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02812-4","volume":"23","author":"G Gostemeyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gostemeyer G, Baker SR, Schwendicke F. 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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This human study was approved by Ethics Review Board of Charit\u00e9 University of Berlin - approval: (EA4\/102\/14). All adult participants provided written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}