{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:55:24Z","timestamp":1792104924053,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009736","name":"Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Digit Imaging. Inform. med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle volume is a key indicator of strength and neuromuscular health, commonly assessed via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). While accurate, MRI is expensive and time-intensive. Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) offers a more accessible alternative but requires validation due to its setup-dependent accuracy. This study investigated the validity and reliability of a custom 3DUS setup for measuring lower limb muscle volumes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen participants (8 female; 18\u201340\u00a0years) underwent two 3DUS and one MRI sessions. The tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemii, and biceps femoris muscles were scanned using ultrasonography integrated with a motion capture system. Phantom models were also scanned. After ten participants, the scanning protocol was adapted. 3DUS and MRI\u00a0volumes were analyzed using 3D Slicer by two\u00a0raters or one\u00a0rater, respectively. Reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV%), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3DUS showed excellent test\u2013retest and inter-rater reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.97\u20130.99; CV%\u2009=\u20092.0\u20134.6%). MDC values were\u2009&lt;\u20095\u00a0mL for all muscles. However, 3DUS systematically underestimated volumes compared to MRI (biases: \u201310.0 to 33.0%), with best agreement for tibialis anterior and lowest for gastrocnemii. After adapting the protocol, mean differences were reduced by\u2009~\u200970%. Phantom scans confirmed both modalities were accurate, suggesting in vivo errors arose from probe pressure and sweep inconsistencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3DUS demonstrated excellent reliability but underestimated volumes relative to MRI, influenced by muscle shape and location. Despite limitations, it is a promising, cost-effective method for tracking longitudinal muscle changes. Open methodology supports broader application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T18:30:16Z","timestamp":1754332216000},"page":"1507-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Lower Limb Muscle Volume Using 3D Ultrasonography: Validity and Reliability Compared to MRI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9446-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Ritsche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Ledergerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Pansini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6984-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Faude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1211-6","volume":"108","author":"JP Ahtiainen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahtiainen, J. P., Hoffren, M., Hulmi, J. J., Pietik\u00e4inen, M., Mero, A. A., Avela, J., & H\u00e4kkinen, K. (2010). Panoramic ultrasonography is a valid method to measure changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional area. Eur J Appl Physiol, 108(2), 273\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-009-1211-6","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1624_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.04.020","volume":"41","author":"K Albracht","year":"2008","unstructured":"Albracht, K., Arampatzis, A., & Baltzopoulos, V. (2008). Assessment of muscle volume and physiological cross-sectional area of the human triceps surae muscle in vivo. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(10), 2211\u20132218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.04.020","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1624_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.01.004","volume":"35","author":"P Arbeille","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arbeille, P., Kerbeci, P., Capri, A., Dannaud, C., Trappe, S. W., & Trappe, T. A. (2009). Quantification of Muscle Volume by Echography: Comparison with MRI Data on Subjects in Long-Term Bed Rest. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 35(7), 1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.01.004","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1624_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002691","volume":"53","author":"TG Balshaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balshaw, T. G., Maden-Wilkinson, T. M., Massey, G. J., & Folland, J. P. (2021). The Human Muscle Size and Strength Relationship: Effects of Architecture, Muscle Force, and Measurement Location. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(10), 2140\u20132151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002691","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"3","key":"1624_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12927","volume":"234","author":"L Barber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barber, L., Alexander, C., Shipman, P., Boyd, R., Reid, S., & Elliott, C. (2019). Validity and reliability of a freehand 3D ultrasound system for the determination of triceps surae muscle volume in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Anatomy, 234(3), 384\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12927","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"9","key":"1624_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.005","volume":"42","author":"L Barber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barber, L., Barrett, R., & Lichtwark, G. (2009). Validation of a freehand 3D ultrasound system for morphological measures of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Journal of Biomechanics, 42(9), 1313\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.005","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1624_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.12.005","volume":"48","author":"M Bell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bell, M., Fernandez, J., Florez, R., Mirjalili, A., & Kim, H. K. (2022). 3-D Ultrasonographic Quantification of Hand and Calf Muscle Volume: Statistical Shape Modeling Approach. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 48(3), 565\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.12.005","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"1624_CR8","first-page":"307","volume":"20","author":"MJ Bland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. 20, 307\u2013310.","journal-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement."},{"key":"1624_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111501","volume":"151","author":"JD Budzikowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Budzikowski, J. D., & Murray, W. M. (2023). Multi-sweep 3-dimensional ultrasound is accurate for in vivo muscle volume quantification, expanding use to larger muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 151, 111501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111501","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"1624_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.09.001","volume":"136","author":"F Cenni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cenni, F., Monari, D., Desloovere, K., Aertbeli\u00ebn, E., Schless, S.-H., & Bruyninckx, H. (2016). The reliability and validity of a clinical 3D freehand ultrasound system. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 136, 179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.09.001","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"1624_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.12.023","volume":"156","author":"F Cenni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cenni, F., Schless, S.-H., Bar-On, L., Aertbeli\u00ebn, E., Bruyninckx, H., Hanssen, B., & Desloovere, K. (2018). Reliability of a clinical 3D freehand ultrasound technique: Analyses on healthy and pathological muscles. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 156, 97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.12.023","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"1624_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruy\u00e8re, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., Schneider, S. M., Sieber, C. C., Topinkova, E., Vandewoude, M., Visser, M., Zamboni, M., Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2, Bautmans, I., Baeyens, J.-P., \u2026 Schols, J. (2019). Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing, 48(1), 16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"issue":"2","key":"1624_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.046276","volume":"552","author":"G D\u2019Antona","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Antona, G. (2003). The effect of ageing and immobilization on structure and function of human skeletal muscle fibres. The Journal of Physiology, 552(2), 499\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.046276","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1624_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","volume":"30","author":"A Fedorov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fedorov, A., Beichel, R., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Finet, J., Fillion-Robin, J.-C., Pujol, S., Bauer, C., Jennings, D., Fennessy, F., Sonka, M., Buatti, J., Aylward, S., Miller, J. V., Pieper, S., & Kikinis, R. (2012). 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30(9), 1323\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"1624_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12225","volume":"210","author":"MV Franchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Franchi, M. V., Atherton, P. J., Reeves, N. D., Fl\u00fcck, M., Williams, J., Mitchell, W. K., Selby, A., Beltran Valls, R. M., & Narici, M. V. (2014). Architectural, functional and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica, 210(3), 642\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.12225","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica"},{"key":"1624_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franchi, M. V., Fitze, D. P., Hanimann, J., Sarto, F., & Sp\u00f6rri, J. (2020). Panoramic ultrasound vs. MRI for the assessment of hamstrings cross-sectional area and volume in a large athletic cohort. Sci Rep, 10(1), 14144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71123-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71123-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"1624_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002922","volume":"54","author":"MV Franchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franchi, M. V., Sarto, F., Simuni\u010d, B., Pi\u0161ot, R., & Narici, M. V. (2022). Early Changes of Hamstrings Morphology and Contractile Properties during 10 d of Complete Inactivity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 54(8), 1346\u20131354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002922","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"1624_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frouin, A., Guenanten, H., Sant, G. L., Lacourpaille, L., Liebard, M., Sarcher, A., McNair, P. J., Ellis, R., & Nordez, A. (2023). Validity and Reliability of 3-D Ultrasound Imaging to Measure Hamstring Muscle and Tendon Volumes. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, S0301562923000649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.02.012"},{"issue":"9","key":"1624_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.028","volume":"47","author":"B Hanssen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanssen, B., De Beukelaer, N., Schless, S.-H., Cenni, F., Bar-On, L., Peeters, N., Molenaers, G., Van Campenhout, A., Van Den Broeck, C., & Desloovere, K. (2021). Reliability of Processing 3-D Freehand Ultrasound Data to Define Muscle Volume and Echo-intensity in Pediatric Lower Limb Muscles with Typical Development or with Spasticity. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 47(9), 2702\u20132712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.028","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"1624_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110834","volume":"132","author":"M Hioki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hioki, M., Kanehira, N., Koike, T., Saito, A., Shimaoka, K., Sakakibara, H., Oshida, Y., & Akima, H. (2020). Age-related changes in muscle volume and intramuscular fat content in quadriceps femoris and hamstrings. Experimental Gerontology, 132, 110834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110834","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1624_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","volume":"41","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"1624_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111878","volume":"162","author":"J Huet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huet, J., Boureau, A.-S., Sarcher, A., Cornu, C., & Nordez, A. (2024). Validation of a scanning technique with minimal compression for measuring muscle volume with freehand 3D ultrasound. Journal of Biomechanics, 162, 111878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111878","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1624_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12347","volume":"9","author":"MF Jacques","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacques, M. F., Onambele-Pearson, G. L., Reeves, N. D., Stebbings, G. K., Smith, J., & Morse, C. I. (2018). Relationships between muscle size, strength, and physical activity in adults with muscular dystrophy: Muscle strength, size and physical activity in muscular dystrophy. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 9(6), 1042\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12347","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"1624_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272106","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1272106","volume":"14","author":"M Kinoshita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kinoshita, M., Maeo, S., Kobayashi, Y., Eihara, Y., Ono, M., Sato, M., Sugiyama, T., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2023). Triceps surae muscle hypertrophy is greater after standing versus seated calf-raise training. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1272106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1272106","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"1624_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23664","author":"AS Kulas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulas, A. S., Schmitz, R. J., Shultz, S. J., Waxman, J. P., Wang, H.-M., Kraft, R. A., & Partington, H. S. (2017). Bilateral quadriceps and hamstrings muscle volume asymmetries in healthy individuals: QUADRICEPS AND HAMSTRINGS VOLUME ASYMMETRY. J. Orthop. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.23664","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"1624_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2322864","volume":"61","author":"A Lasso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lasso, A., Heffter, T., Rankin, A., Pinter, C., Ungi, T., & Fichtinger, G. (2014). PLUS: Open-Source Toolkit for Ultrasound-Guided Intervention Systems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 61(10), 2527\u20132537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2014.2322864","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"1624_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002523","volume":"53","author":"S Maeo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maeo, S., Huang, M., Wu, Y., Sakurai, H., Kusagawa, Y., Sugiyama, T., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2021). Greater Hamstrings Muscle Hypertrophy but Similar Damage Protection after Training at Long versus Short Muscle Lengths. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(4), 825\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002523","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"1624_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59267-x","volume":"10","author":"M Mandi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandi\u0107, M., Rullman, E., Widholm, P., Lilja, M., Dahlqvist Leinhard, O., Gustafsson, T., & Lundberg, T. R. (2020). Automated assessment of regional muscle volume and hypertrophy using MRI. Sci Rep, 10(1), 2239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59267-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1624_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00363.2020","volume":"131","author":"U Marusic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marusic, U., Narici, M., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., & Ritzmann, R. (2021). Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(1), 194\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00363.2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"1624_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671248","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.671248","volume":"3","author":"Y Miyake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miyake, Y., Suga, T., Terada, M., Tanaka, T., Ueno, H., Kusagawa, Y., Otsuka, M., Nagano, A., & Isaka, T. (2021). No Correlation Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Volume and Sprint Performance in Sprinters. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 671248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.671248","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"issue":"11","key":"1624_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9037-y","volume":"265","author":"K Mul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mul, K., Horlings, C. G. C., Vincenten, S. C. C., Voermans, N. C., van Engelen, B. G. M., & van Alfen, N. (2018). Quantitative muscle MRI and ultrasound for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: Complementary imaging biomarkers. J Neurol, 265(11), 2646\u20132655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9037-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1624_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23314","volume":"32","author":"M Noorkoiv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noorkoiv, M., Theis, N., & Lavelle, G. (2019). A comparison of 3D ultrasound to MRI for the measurement and estimation of gastrocnemius muscle volume in adults and young people with and without cerebral palsy: Comparison of 3D Ultrasound to MRI. Clin. Anat., 32(3), 319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23314","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"1624_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raiteri BJ, Cresswell AG, Lichtwark GA (2016) Three-dimensional geometrical changes of the human tibialis anterior muscle and its central aponeurosis measured with three-dimensional ultrasound during isometric contractions. PeerJ 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2260","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2260"},{"key":"1624_CR34","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"1624_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahrmann, A. S., Gizzi, L., Zanker, A., Handsfield, G. G., & Rohrle, O. (2022). Dynamic 3D Ultrasound Imaging of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle. 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), 3899\u20133902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871352","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871352"},{"issue":"3","key":"1624_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12172","volume":"8","author":"JM Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott, J. M., Martin, D. S., Ploutz-Snyder, R., Matz, T., Caine, T., Downs, M., Hackney, K., Buxton, R., Ryder, J. W., & Ploutz-Snyder, L. (2017). Panoramic ultrasound: A novel and valid tool for monitoring change in muscle mass: Panoramic ultrasound. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 8(3), 475\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12172","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"issue":"2","key":"1624_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","volume":"86","author":"PE Shrout","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"1624_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15490","volume":"40","author":"J Thomare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomare, J., Lacourpaille, L., McNair, P. J., Crouzier, M., Ellis, R., & Nordez, A. (2021). A Gel Pad Designed to Measure Muscle Volume Using Freehand 3\u2010Dimensional Ultrasonography. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 40(6), 1245\u20131250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.15490","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine"},{"key":"1624_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.06.011","volume":"33","author":"T Ungi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ungi, T., Lasso, A., & Fichtinger, G. (2016). Open-source platforms for navigated image-guided interventions. Medical Image Analysis, 33, 181\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2016.06.011","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"1624_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111567","volume":"152","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Destro, A., Petersson, S., Cenni, F., & Wang, R. (2023). In vivo 3D muscle architecture quantification based on 3D freehand ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Biomechanics, 152, 111567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111567","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"1624_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, S. A., Bell, M., Kim, H. K., Salim Al Masruri, G., Stott, N. S., Fernandez, J., & Mirjalili, S. A. (2022). The reliability and validity of triceps surae muscle volume assessment using freehand three\u2010dimensional ultrasound in typically developing infants. Journal of Anatomy, 240(3), 567\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13565","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13565"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:24:17Z","timestamp":1776875057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-025-01624-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the local Ethics Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided consent for anonymized data to be published in scientific journals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}