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Inform. med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study aims to develop and externally test a deep learning (DL) model using CT images for automatic classification of intervertebral disc degeneration. This retrospective study enrolled patients aged\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years who were diagnosed with intervertebral disc herniation or bulge, covering the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, between January 2018 and July 2024 from two institutions. The disc lesions on CT were labeled by three radiologists with 3 to 5\u00a0years of experience as reference standard. A 3D U-Net model was developed to segment the disc lesions area. The lesion type (herniation, bulge), zone (Central canal zone, Subarticular zone, Foraminal zone, Extraforaminal zone), and grade (grade 1, 2, 3) of disc lesions were determined based on key points using the EfficientNet-B4 network architecture. Dice score, accuracy, recall, and precision were calculated to evaluate the model performance. The study randomly divided 140 and 36 cases from one institution into training and internal testing datasets, and 97 cases from another institution were used as external testing dataset. The mean Dice scores of segmentation were 0.735 for external testing. The average accuracy, recall, and precision of external testing were 0.938, 0.938, and 0.944 for lesion type, and 0.919, 0.986, and 0.976 for lesion zone, respectively. The grade metrics for external testing was 0.979. The DL model automatically classified intervertebral disc degeneration on CT images\u00a0by\u00a0type, zone and grading, demonstrating\u00a0good peformance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-026-01844-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1773237147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Development and External Testing of Deep Learning Model for Automated Classification of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration on CT Images"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puzhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangfan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengguang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinggen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Zheng S, Wu Y, et al.: Trends of surgical treatment for spinal degenerative disease in China: a cohort of 37,897 inpatients from 2003 to 2016. 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Zhong acknowledges his position as a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of European Radiology, Insights into Imaging, American Journal of Roentgenology, and BMC Medical Imaging. He has therefore not taken part in the review or selection process of this paper. The authors (D. Dai, X. Fan, J. Wei, J. Feng) of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Shanghai Haohua Technology Co., Ltd. They were tasked with developing AI models and conducting statistical analyses. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}