{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:44:52Z","timestamp":1791931492597,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Digit Imaging. Inform. med."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:46:29Z","timestamp":1791927989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of Machine Learning and Imaging to Predict Outcomes After Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Gould","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saarang","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saud","family":"Zaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem S.","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Yaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Gendreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002822","volume":"44","author":"BI Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin BI, Mirza SK, Spina N, Spiker WR, Lawrence B, Brodke DS. Trends in Lumbar Fusion Procedure Rates and Associated Hospital Costs for Degenerative Spinal Diseases in the United States, 2004 to 2015. Spine. 2019;44(5):369\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002822","journal-title":"Spine."},{"issue":"6","key":"2401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15338","volume":"39","author":"MJ McGirt","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Sivaganesan A, Asher AL, Devin CJ. Prediction model for outcome after low-back surgery: individualized likelihood of complication, hospital readmission, return to work, and 12-month improvement in functional disability. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39(6):E13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15338","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus."},{"issue":"10294","key":"2401_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","volume":"398","author":"NN Knezevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP. Low back pain. Lancet. 2021;398(10294):78\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2401_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lubelski D, Feghali J, Nowacki AS, et al. Patient-specific prediction model for clinical and quality-of-life outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;34(4):580\u2013588. Published 2021 Jan 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.8.SPINE20577","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.SPINE20577"},{"key":"2401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geere JH, Hunter PR, Swamy GN, Cook AJ, Rai AS. Development and temporal validation of clinical prediction models for 1-year disability and pain after lumbar decompressive surgery. The Norwich Lumbar Surgery Predictor (development version). Eur Spine J. 2023;32(12):4210\u20134219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-07931-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07931-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"2401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08959-x","volume":"34","author":"Y Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu Y, Xu W, Li X, et al. MRI Radiomics based on paraspinal muscle for prediction postoperative outcomes in lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2025;34(9):3820\u20133831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08959-x","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halicka M, Wilby M, Duarte R, Brown C. Predicting patient-reported outcomes following lumbar spine surgery: development and external validation of multivariable prediction models. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):333. Published 2023 Apr 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-023-06446-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06446-2"},{"key":"2401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.109094","author":"NM Jayasuriya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jayasuriya NM, Feng E, Nathani KR, Delawan M, Katsos K, Bhagra O, Freedman BA, Bydon M. Automated vertebral bone quality score measurement on lumbar MRI using deep learning: development and validation of an AI algorithm. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.109094","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"2401_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08906-w","author":"Z Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng Z, Yang H, Li Z, Zhang X, Hai Y. Development and validation of machine learning models for distal instrumentation-related problems in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis based on preoperative CT and MRI. Eur Spine J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08906-w","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.026","author":"L Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang L, Pan Y, Zheng H, Li F, Zhang W, Liu J, Zhou Q. Predicting the efficacy of posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery using a deep learning radiomics model. Acad Radiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.026","journal-title":"Acad Radiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29639","volume":"61","author":"K Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang K, Lin F, Liao Z, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang R. Development of a Dual-Plane MRI-Based Deep Learning Model to Assess the 1-Year Postoperative Outcomes in Lumbar Disc Herniation After Tubular Microdiscectomy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2025;61(5):2294\u20132307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.29639","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"2401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005303","author":"H Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun H, Tang W, You X, Deng L, Chen L, Qian Z, Yang H, Zou J, Qiao Y, Liu H. Role of the lumbar paravertebral muscles in the development of short-term residual pain after lumbar fusion surgery. Spine. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005303","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"2401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S537151","author":"D Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu D, Fan Z, Li Z, Jia M, Fang X, Shen Y, Zhou Q, Xie C, Teng H. Machine learning-based prediction of post-PKP frailty: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Interv Aging. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S537151","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"2401_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11796-7","author":"MP Caceres","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caceres MP, Ahmed O, Freire V, Shen J, Al-Shakfa F, Boule D, Wang Z. Automated psoas muscle segmentation: imaging features and surgical fitness in spinal metastatic lung cancer. Eur Radiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11796-7","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"2401_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005388","author":"H Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun H, Tang W, Deng L, You X, Shen Z, Sun X, Zou J, Lin F, Qian Z, Yang H, Liu H. Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models incorporating paraspinal muscle quality to predict cage subsidence risk following posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005388","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"2401_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07714-5","author":"EB Enger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enger EB, Valentin-Askman L, H\u00e4gg O, Fritzell P, Parai C. Strategic use of big data: study protocol for a multicenter clinical trial testing whether Swespine Dialogue Support alters outcomes in degenerative spine surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07714-5","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"2401_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005087","author":"Z Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Z, Wang P, Ye S, Li H, Bao J, Shi R, Yang S, Yin R, Wu X. Interpretable machine learning models based on Shapley additive explanations for predicting risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage in lumbar fusion surgery. Spine. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005087","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"2401_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08395-3","author":"A Grob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grob A, Rohr J, Stumpo V, Vieli M, Ciobanu-Caraus O, Ricciardi L, et al. Multicenter external validation of prediction models for clinical outcomes after spinal fusion for lumbar degenerative disease. Eur Spine J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08395-3","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.09.029","author":"L Sch\u00f6nnagel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nnagel L, Caffard T, Vu-Han TL, Zhu J, Nathoo I, Finos K, et al. Predicting postoperative outcomes in lumbar spinal fusion: development of a machine learning model. Spine J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.09.029","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S493302","author":"Z Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan Z, Wu T, Wang Y, Jin Z, Wang T, Li D. Deep learning-based radiomics to predict surgical risk factors for lumbar disc herniation in young patients: a multicenter study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S493302","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"key":"2401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1255780","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lin F, Wang K, Chen F, Wang R, Lai M, Chen C. Development of a predictive model for 1-year postoperative recovery in patients with lumbar disk herniation based on deep learning and machine learning. Front Neurol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1255780","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"2401_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296739","author":"A Alfraihat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alfraihat A, Samdani AF, Balasubramanian S. Predicting radiographic outcomes of vertebral body tethering in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using machine learning. PLOS One. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296739","journal-title":"PLOS One."},{"key":"2401_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06911-y","author":"B Saravi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saravi B, Zink A, \u00dclk\u00fcmen S, Couillard-Despr\u00e9s S, Wollborn J, Lang G, Hassel F. Clinical and radiomics feature-based outcome analysis in lumbar disc herniation surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-023-06911-y","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"2401_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.023","author":"H Toyoda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toyoda H, Terai H, Yamada K, Kato M, Suzuki A, Takahashi S, et al. Decision tree analysis to predict clinical outcome of minimally invasive lumbar decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis with and without coexisting spondylolisthesis and scoliosis. Spine J. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.023","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111863","author":"PF Chiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiu PF, Chang RCH, Lai YC, Wu KC, Wang KP, Chiu YP, Ji HR, Kao CH, Chiu CD. Machine learning assisting prediction of clinical outcomes following nucleoplasty for lumbar degenerative disc disease. Diagnostics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13111863","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"2401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.SPINE22504","author":"PS Page","year":"2022","unstructured":"Page PS, Greeneway GP, Ammanuel SG, Resnick DK. Creation and validation of a predictive model for lumbar synovial cyst recurrence following decompression without fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.5.SPINE22504","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine."},{"key":"2401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06866-5","author":"GK Harada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harada GK, Siyaji ZK, Mallow GM, Hornung AL, Hassan F, Basques BA, et al. Artificial intelligence predicts disk re-herniation following lumbar microdiscectomy: development of the RAD risk profile. Eur Spine J. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-021-06866-5","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/7130","author":"KU Lewandrowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewandrowski KU, Muraleedharan N, Eddy SA, Sobti V, Reece BD, Ram\u00edrez-Le\u00f3n JFR, Shah S. Artificial intelligence comparison of radiologist report with endoscopic predictors of successful transforaminal decompression for lumbar spine conditions. Int J Spine Surg. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14444\/7130","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg."},{"key":"2401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.7.3.031502","author":"T de Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Silva T, Vedula SS, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Vijayan R, Doerr SA, Uneri A, et al. SpineCloud: image analytics for predictive modeling of spine surgery outcomes. J Med Imaging. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JMI.7.3.031502","journal-title":"J Med Imaging."},{"key":"2401_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.11.009","author":"VE Staartjes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Staartjes VE, de Wispelaere MP, Vandertop WP, Schr\u00f6der ML. Deep learning-based preoperative predictive analytics for patient-reported outcomes following lumbar discectomy. Spine J. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.11.009","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"2401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-025-01355-y","author":"C Zou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zou C, Chen R, Wang B, Fei Q, Song H, Zang L. Deep learning radiomics model combining lumbar CT, multi-sequence MRI, and clinical data to predict high-risk cage subsidence after lumbar fusion. Biomed Eng Online. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-025-01355-y","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online."},{"key":"2401_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682241296481","author":"R Lafage","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lafage R, Song J, Elysee J, Fourman MS, Smith JS, Ames C, et al. Unsupervised clustering of adult spinal deformity patterns predicts surgical and patient-reported outcomes. Global Spine J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682241296481","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2401_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01624-z","volume":"45","author":"ME Stephens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stephens ME, O'Neal CM, Westrup AM, et al. Utility of machine learning algorithms in degenerative cervical and lumbar spine disease: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;45(2):965-978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01624-z","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"key":"2401_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Hond AAH, Shah VB, Kant IMJ, Van Calster B, Steyerberg EW, Hernandez-Boussard T. Perspectives on validation of clinical predictive algorithms. NPJ Digit Med. 2023;6(1):86. Published 2023 May 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00832-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00832-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"2401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semss.2021.100872","volume":"33","author":"PT Ogink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogink PT, Groot OQ, Bindels BJJ, Tobert DG. The use of machine learning prediction models in spinal surgical outcome: An overview of current development and external validation studies. Semin Spine Surg. 2021;33(2):100872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semss.2021.100872","journal-title":"Semin Spine Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"2401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211049164","volume":"12","author":"CD Lopez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez CD, Boddapati V, Lombardi JM, Lee NJ, Mathew J, Danford NC, et al. Artificial learning and machine learning applications in spine surgery: a systematic review. Global Spine J. 2022;12(7):1561\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682211049164.","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2401_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001208","volume":"35","author":"EM DelSole","year":"2022","unstructured":"DelSole EM, Keck WL, Patel AA. The state of machine learning in spine surgery: a systematic review. Clin Spine Surg. 2022;35(2):80-89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001208","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:46:30Z","timestamp":1791927990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["2401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-026-02401-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-2933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-2933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This review was not registered and a formal protocol was not prepared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}