{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:33:12Z","timestamp":1791891192837,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Auton Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T13:27:10Z","timestamp":1531834030000},"page":"289-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Autonomic involvement in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: an update"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zoya","family":"Zaeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaeem A.","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Zochodne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"542_CR1","first-page":"1462","volume":"40","author":"G Guillain","year":"1916","unstructured":"Guillain G, Barr\u00e9 JA, Strohl A (1916) Sur a syndrome of radiculon\u00e9vrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide c\u00e9phalo-rachidien sans r\u00e9action cellulaire. Remarques sur les caract\u00e9res cliniques et graphiques des r\u00e9flexes tendineux. Bull Soc M\u00e9d H\u00f4p Paris 40:1462\u20131470","journal-title":"Bull Soc M\u00e9d H\u00f4p Paris"},{"key":"542_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180202","volume":"18","author":"HP Hartung","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hartung HP, Pollard JD, Harvey GK, Toyka KV (1995) Immunopathogenesis and treatment of the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u2014Part I. Muscle Nerve 18:137\u2013153","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"542_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.118810","volume":"79","author":"LJ Hauck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauck LJ, White C, Feasby TE, Zochodne DW, Svenson LW, Hill MD (2008) Incidence of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Alberta, Canada: an administrative data study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:318\u2013320","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"542_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-5001-3","volume":"253","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Flachenecker P (2006) Epidemiology of neuroimmunological diseases. J Neurol 253:2\u20138","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR5","volume-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Contemporary neurology series","author":"AH Ropper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ropper AH, Wijdicks EFM, Truax BT (1991) Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Contemporary neurology series. FA Davis, Philadelphia"},{"key":"542_CR6","volume-title":"The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine","author":"W Osler","year":"1892","unstructured":"Osler W (1892) The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine. D. Appleton and Company, New York"},{"key":"542_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171004","volume":"17","author":"DW Zochodne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zochodne DW (1994) Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve 17:1145\u20131155","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"542_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194902010-00003","volume":"28","author":"W Haymaker","year":"1949","unstructured":"Haymaker W, Kernohan JW (1949) The Landry-Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a clinicopathologic report of fifty fatal cases and a critique of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 28:59","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"257","key":"542_CR9","first-page":"735","volume":"68","author":"JB Winer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Winer JB, Hughes RA (1988) Identification of patients at risk of arrhythmia in the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Q J Med 68(257):735\u2013739","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"issue":"4903","key":"542_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4903.1504","volume":"2","author":"E Clarke","year":"1954","unstructured":"Clarke E, Bayliss RIS, Cooper R (1954) Landry\u2013Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: cardiovascular complications; treatment with A.C.T.H. and cortisone. BMJ 2(4903):1504\u20131507","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"542_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194120040-00003","volume":"20","author":"E Roseman","year":"1941","unstructured":"Roseman E, Aring CD (1941) Infectious polyneuritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 20:463","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"542_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1936.02260110060006","volume":"36","author":"G Guillain","year":"1936","unstructured":"Guillain G (1936) Radiculoneuritis with acellular hyperalbuminosis of the cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chicago) 36:975","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chicago)"},{"key":"542_CR13","first-page":"337","volume":"1","author":"PS MacNeal","year":"1950","unstructured":"MacNeal PS, Bland JH (1950) Am Pract Digest Treat 1:337\u2013346","journal-title":"Am Pract Digest Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR14","first-page":"182","volume":"14","author":"DF Johnson","year":"1949","unstructured":"Johnson DF (1949) Bulbar syndrome following non-diptheritic throat infections; report of two cases, one with albumino-cytologic dissociation. Bull Los Angel Neurol Soc 14(3):182\u2013186","journal-title":"Bull Los Angel Neurol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR15","first-page":"469","volume":"17","author":"AB Sabin","year":"1941","unstructured":"Sabin AB, Aring CD (1941) Visceral lesions in infectious polyneuritis: (infectious neuronitis, acute polyneuritis with facial diplegia, Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, Landry\u2019s paralysis). Am J Pathol 17(4):469\u2013482.15","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"542_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1953.01540100048008","volume":"55","author":"HA Teloh","year":"1953","unstructured":"Teloh HA (1953) Myocarditis in poliomyelitis. AMA Arch Path 55(5):408\u2013411","journal-title":"AMA Arch Path"},{"key":"542_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330190065021","volume":"140","author":"P Greenland","year":"1980","unstructured":"Greenland P, Griggs RC (1980) Arrhythmic complications in the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Arch Intern Med 140:1053\u20131055","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"542_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150170060","volume":"72","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, Toyka KV, Reiners K (2001) Cardiac arrhythmias in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. An overview of the diagnosis of a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Nervenarzt 72(8):610\u2013617","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"542_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.102","volume":"47","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, M\u00fcllges W, Wermuth P, Hartung HP, Reiners K (1996) Eyeball pressure testing in the evaluation of serious bradyarrhythmias in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology 47:102\u2013108","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"542_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291354","volume":"10","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, Lem K, M\u00fcllges W, Reiners K (2000) Detection of serious bradyarrhythmias in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of the 24-hour heart rate power spectrum. Clin Auton Res 10:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"542_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050506","volume":"246","author":"G Pfeiffer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pfeiffer G, Schiller H, Kruse J, Netzer J (1999) Indicators of dysautonomia in severe Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Neurol 246:1015\u20131022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"542_CR22","first-page":"1196","volume":"254","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Flachenecker P (2007) Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 254(suppl 2):1196\u201311101","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00265.x","volume":"15","author":"RT Rousseff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rousseff RT, Al-Khashan S, Khuraibet AJ (2010) Transient cardiomyopathy as the presenting feature of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 15:153\u2013155","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6H","key":"542_CR24","first-page":"3423","volume":"2","author":"K Vengadakrishnan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vengadakrishnan K, Koushik AK, Lakshmi M (2014) Severe autonomic dysfunction with cardiac arrest as the presenting feature of Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Sch J App Med Sci 2(6H):3423\u20133425","journal-title":"Sch J App Med Sci"},{"key":"542_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9279-8","volume":"11","author":"JE Fugate","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fugate JE, Wijdicks EF, Kumar G, Rabinstein AA (2009) One thing leads to another: GBS complicated by PRES and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Neurocrit Care 11:395\u2013397","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2017.11929626","volume":"30","author":"D Gill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gill D, Goyes VR, Dean R, Liu K (2017) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 30(3):307\u2013308","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"542_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.59.236","volume":"59","author":"K Iga","year":"1995","unstructured":"Iga K, Himura Y, Izumi C, Miyamoto T, Kijima K, Gen H, Konishi T (1995) Reversible left ventricular dysfunction associated with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: an expression of catecholamine cardiotoxicity? Jpn Circ J 59:236\u2013240","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"542_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.06.069","volume":"104","author":"S Mukerji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mukerji S, Aloka F, Farooq MU, Kassab MY, Abela GS (2009) Cardiovascular complications of the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 104:1452\u20131455","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-009-0048-8","volume":"20","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Gu Z, Jiang J, Bai X, Feng Y, Huang Z, Zhou D, Liu L (2010) Orthostatic hypotension as a presenting symptom of the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Clin Auton Res 20(3):209\u2013210","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"542_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.11.009","volume":"17","author":"G Bavikatte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bavikatte G, Gaber T, Eshiett MU (2010) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a complication of Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 17(7):924\u2013926","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"542_CR31","first-page":"2016","volume":"3","author":"S Nabi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nabi S, Rajput HM, Badshah M, Ahmed S (2016) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as a complication of Guillain\u2013Barre\u2019 syndrome (GBS). BMJ Case Rep 3:2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"542_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2009.06.370","volume":"19","author":"R Sutter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sutter R, Mengiardi B, Lyrer P, Czaplinski A (2009) Posterior reversible encephalopathy as the initial manifestation of a Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Neuromuscul Disord 19(10):709\u2013710","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"542_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.127877","volume":"5","author":"BF Banakar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Banakar BF, Pujar GS, Bhargava A, Khichar S (2014) Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurosci Rural Pract 5:63\u201365","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"542_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.11.004","volume":"22","author":"A Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen A, Kim J, Henderson G, Berkowitz A (2015) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 22:914\u2013916","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"542_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2012.00416.x","volume":"17","author":"A Rigamonti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rigamonti A, Basso F, Scaccabarozzi C, Lauria G (2012) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as the initial manifestation of Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome: case report and review of the literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 17:356\u2013360","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"542_CR36","first-page":"163","volume":"18","author":"AA Aleyadhy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aleyadhy AA, Hassan GM (2013) Hypertensive encephalopathy as the initial manifestation of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in a 7-year-old girl. Neurosciences 18:163\u2013165","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"542_CR37","first-page":"188","volume":"15","author":"CE Doss-Esper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Doss-Esper CE, Singhal AB, Smith MS, Henderson GV (2005) Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy, cerebral vasoconstriction, and strokes after intravenous immune globulin therapy in Guillain\u2013barre syndrome. J Neuroimaging 15:188\u2013192","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"542_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000087720","volume":"54","author":"M Nakajima","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakajima M (2005) Posterior reversible encephalopathy complicating intravenous immunoglobulins in a patient with Miller-Fisher syndrome. Eur Neurol 54:58\u201360","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.05.034","volume":"23","author":"HR Stetefeld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stetefeld HR, Lehmann HC, Fink GR, Burghaus L (2014) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and stroke after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Miller-Fisher syndrome\/Bickerstaff brain stem encephalitis overlap syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23:e423\u2013e425","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"542_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.04.005","volume":"39","author":"R Koichihara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koichihara R, Hamano S, Yamashita S, Tanaka M (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with IVIG in a patient with Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 39:123\u2013125","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.92841","volume":"6","author":"F Incecik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Incecik F, Herguner MO, Altunbasak S, Yildizdas D (2011) Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome due to intravenous immunoglobulin in a child with Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. J Pediatr Neurosci 6:138\u2013140","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"542_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2015.0129","volume":"49","author":"BN Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro BN, Salata TM, Borges RS, Marchiori E (2016) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following immunoglobulin therapy in a patient with Miller-Fisher syndrome. Radiol Bras 49:58\u201359","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.4081\/ni.2017.7312","volume":"9","author":"N Shiraiwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shiraiwa N, Umesawa M, Hoshino S, Enomoto T, Kusunoki S, Tamaoka A, Ohkoshi N (2017) Miller Fisher syndrome with sinus arrest. Neurol Int 9(3):7312","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"542_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90242-6","volume":"116","author":"JK Madsen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Madsen JK, Meibom J, Videbak R, Pedersen F, Grande P (1988) Transcutaneous pacing: experience with the Zoll noninvasive temporary pacemaker. Am Heart J 116:7\u201310","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"542_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.07.086","volume":"117","author":"M Kordouni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kordouni M, Jibrini M, Siddiqui MA (2007) Long-term transvenous temporary pacing with active fixation bipolar lead in the management of severe autonomic dysfunction in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a case report. Int J Cardiol 117:e10\u2013e12","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"542_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.555","volume":"11","author":"I Nachamkin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nachamkin I, Allos BM, Ho T (1998) Campylobacter species and Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:555\u2013567","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"542_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1095","volume":"24","author":"TM Burns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burns TM, Lawn ND, Low PA, Camilleri M, Wijdicks EF (2001) Adynamic ileus in severe Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Muscle Nerve 24:963\u2013965","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20639","volume":"35","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Tamura N, Kuwabara S, Asahina M, Hattori T (2007) Urinary retention and sympathetic sphincter obstruction in axonal Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve 35(1):111\u2013115","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"542_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20663","volume":"5","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Kuwabara S, Mori M, Ito T, Yamamoto T, Awa Y, Yamaguchi C, Yuki N, Vernino S, Kishi M, Shirai K (2009) Prevalence and mechanism of bladder dysfunction in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 5:432\u2013437","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"542_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198606000-00002","volume":"4","author":"HO Ventura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ventura HO, Messerli FH, Barron RE (1986) Norepinephrine induced hypertension in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. J Hypertens 4:265\u2013267","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"542_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01683073","volume":"6","author":"A Durocher","year":"1980","unstructured":"Durocher A, Servais B, Caridroix M, Chopin C, Wattel F (1980) Autonomic dysfunction in the Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. hemodynamic and neurobiochemical studies. Intens Care Med 6:3\u20136","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"542_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.29.560","volume":"29","author":"K Otokida","year":"1990","unstructured":"Otokida K, Yoshida H, Sato N, Kutsuzawa S, Isagozawa S, Yamada M, Kato M (1990) Acute autonomic neuropathy associated with a high serum bradykinin level and positive antinuclear and anti-DNA antibodies titers. Jpn J Med 29:560\u2013565","journal-title":"Jpn J Med"},{"key":"542_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.26.593","volume":"26","author":"H Yao","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yao H, Fukiyama K, Takada Y, Fujishima M, Omae T (1985) Neurogenic hypertension in the Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Jpn Heart J 26:593\u2013596","journal-title":"Jpn Heart J"},{"key":"542_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.24.24","volume":"24","author":"J Ahmad","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ahmad J, Kham AS, Siddiqui MA (1985) Estimation of plasma and urinary catecholamines in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Jpn J Med 24:24\u201329","journal-title":"Jpn J Med"},{"key":"542_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198808183190714","volume":"319","author":"H Saxenhofer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Saxenhofer H, Weidman P, Shaw S et al (1988) Atrial natriuretic factor in the Landry\u2013Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med 319:448","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270320","volume":"27","author":"EFM Wijdicks","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wijdicks EFM, Ropper AH, Nathanson JA (1990) Atrial natriuretic factor and blood pressure fluctuations in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(3):337\u2013338","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.3.589","volume":"106","author":"J Fagius","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fagius J, Wallin BG (1983) Microneurographic evidence of excessive sympathetic outflow in the Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Brain 106:589\u2013600","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"542_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.537","volume":"63","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Sobue G, Iwase S, Nagamatsu M, Mano T, Mitsuma Y (1997) Skin sympathetic nerve activity in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome: a microneurographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:537\u2013541","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"542_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.00099.x","volume":"105","author":"M Asahina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asahina M, Kuwabara S, Suzuki A, Hattori T (2002) Autonomic function in demyelinating and axonal subtypes of Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 105:44\u201350","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"542_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07902.x","volume":"35","author":"NK Singh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Singh NK, Jaiswal AK, Misra S, Srivastava PK (1987) Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome and its prognostic implications. Acta Neurol Scand 35:101\u2013105","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"542_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.11.983","volume":"44","author":"RR Tuck","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tuck RR, McLeod JG (1981) Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg 44(11):983\u2013990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"542_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.333","volume":"73","author":"RK Lyu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyu RK, Tang LM, Hsu WC, Chen ST (2002) Quantitative cardiovascular autonomic function study in Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:333\u2013335","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000047957","volume":"47","author":"RK Lyu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyu RK, Tang LM, Hsu WC, Chen ST, Chang HS, Wu YR (2002) A longitudinal cardiovascular autonomic function study in mild Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Eur Neurol 47(2):79\u201384","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420207","volume":"42","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, Wermuth P, Hartung HP, Reiners K (1997) Quantitative assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 42(2):171\u2013179","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"542_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1885","volume":"120","author":"P Flachenecker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Flachenecker P, Hartung HP, Reiners K (1997) Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. A longitudinal study. Brain 120(Pt 10):1885\u20131894","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:5:3:235","volume":"5","author":"S Koeppen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koeppen S, Kraywinkel K, Wessendorf TE, Ehrenfeld CE, Schurks M, Diener HC, Weimar C (2006) Long-term outcome of Guillain\u2013Barre\u00a0syndrome. Neurocrit Care 5(3):235\u2013242","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"542_CR67","unstructured":"Jamil A, Siddiqi ZA (2009) Role of autonomic dysfunction in post GBS fatigue. New insights in GBS - A 10 year experience at University of Alberta Hospital. University of Alberta Masters thesis, Chapter 4"},{"key":"542_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.5.596","volume":"72","author":"ISJ Merkies","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merkies IS, Schmitz PI, van der Mech\u00e9 FG, Samijn JP, van Doorn PA, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (2002) Clinimetric evaluation of a new overall disability scale in immune mediated polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:596\u2013601","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"542_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.83087","volume":"14","author":"AK Meena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meena AK, Khadilkar SV, Murthy JMK (2011) Treatment guidelines for Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 14(suppl 1):S73\u2013S81","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"542_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.6.736","volume":"61","author":"RA Hughes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF et al (2003) Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 61:736\u2013740","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"542_CR71","first-page":"81","volume":"54","author":"G Guillain","year":"1953","unstructured":"Guillain G (1953) Consid\u00e9rations sur le syndrome de Guillain et Barr\u00e9. Ann Med 54:81\u2013149","journal-title":"Ann Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Autonomic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T21:21:53Z","timestamp":1751750513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-9851","1619-1560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-9851","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-1560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}