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However, the optimal mode of stimulation is unknown. This study aimed to compare the cardiovascular effects of respiratory-gated taVNS in healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The examination included expiratory-gated, inspiratory-gated, and non-respiratory-gated taVNS trials. Subjects were examined twice (the order of expiratory- and inspiratory-gated taVNS was changed). taVNS trials started with controlled breathing without stimulation (pre-stimulatory recording) followed by controlled breathing with taVNS (stimulatory recording). Synchronizing taVNS with the respiratory phase was computer-controlled. Heart rate (HR) was calculated from ECG. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were recorded continuously and noninvasively. Baroreflex sensitivity based on rising (BRS-UP) or falling SBP sequences (BRS-DOWN) or all sequences (BRS-ALL) and heart rate variability (HRV) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-two taVNS trials were obtained from 12 subjects (age 23\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u00a0years). Pre-stimulatory HR correlated with change in HR (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.25) and SVR (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.24, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There were no differences between three stimulatory conditions in (1) the changes of hemodynamic parameters, (2) BRS-UP and BRS-ALL, or (3) HRV indices (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.20). However, in the group of high pre-stimulatory HR trials, HR change differed between inspiratory-gated (0.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53%) and both expiratory-gated (\u2212\u00a01.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06) and non-respiratory-gated taVNS (\u2212\u00a01.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). BRS-DOWN was higher in inspiratory- vs. non-respiratory-gated taVNS (15.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3 vs. 14.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0ms\/mmHg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Expiratory-gated and non-respiratory-gated taVNS exert clear cardioinhibitory effects in healthy subjects with high pre-stimulatory HR, whereas inspiratory-gated taVNS does not affect HR. Cardiac and vascular effects of taVNS depend on pre-stimulatory HR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00604-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T17:03:46Z","timestamp":1554224626000},"page":"205-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Inspiratory- and expiratory-gated transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation have different effects on heart rate in healthy subjects: preliminary results"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9180-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Paleczny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Seredy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Ponikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv087","volume":"36","author":"JS Floras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Floras JS, Ponikowski P (2015) The sympathetic\/parasympathetic imbalance in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. 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