{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:04:01Z","timestamp":1784052241696,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007703","name":"North Carolina State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["North Carolina State University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["North Carolina State University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Primates"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vocal communication is a critical aspect of social life in group living species. Ring-tailed lemurs (\n                    <jats:italic>Lemur catta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are one of the most studied lemur species, yet the quantity of male specific vocalizations remains unclear. Howling has previously been described as a male only vocalization. While investigating Duke Lemur Center (DLC: Durham, N.C.) ring-tailed lemurs\u2019 responses to novel objects when separated from their group for five minutes, video and audio opportunistically captured a female howling. We sought to determine whether these vocalizations were acoustically similar to male howling or represented a different vocalization. We focused on body posture and acoustic structure of the call by analyzing spectrograms of the female\u2019s calls, and compared these features to male howls. Body posture comparison revealed similarities in the female\u2019s position and orientation of the body to males when howling. From the spectrograms, we compared the fundamental, maximum, maximum harmonic, dominant, supradominant frequencies, interharmonic intervals, and number of harmonics to values extracted from the published literature. A linear discriminant function analysis (DFA) failed to distinguish the female\u2019s calls from male howls. This is the first recording and analysis of female howling vocalizations. While male ring-tailed lemurs are known to howl to advertise their location, it\u2019s possible that female lemurs may howl for different reasons. Females may howl during high stress events, and we suggest future research to understand the conditions that elicit howling vocalizations in females in the wild and in captivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:33:42Z","timestamp":1784003622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First record of an adult female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) making a male-specific howl vocalization"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1066-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Paciulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Verdolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Garza","family":"Guajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Cromer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1270_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156853963X00220","volume":"20","author":"RJ Andrew","year":"1963","unstructured":"Andrew RJ (1963) The origins and evolution of calls and facial expressions of the primates. Behav 20:1\u2013109","journal-title":"Behav"},{"key":"1270_CR2","unstructured":"Apple Inc (2016) iPhone 7 Plus"},{"key":"1270_CR3","unstructured":"Audacity (2019) Audacity (3.0.3). [Software]"},{"key":"1270_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39535-w","volume":"14","author":"T Aung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aung T, Hill AK, Pfefferle D, McLester E, Fuller J, Lawrence JM, Garcia-Nisa I, Kendal RL, Petersdorf M, Higham JP, Galat G (2023) Group size and mating system predict sex differences in vocal fundamental frequency in anthropoid primates. Nat Commun 14:4069","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1270_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22179","volume":"75","author":"LM Bolt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bolt LM (2013a) Squealing rate indicates dominance rank in the male ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Am J Primatol 75:1174\u20131184","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-012-9654-8","volume":"34","author":"LM Bolt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bolt LM (2013b) The function of howling in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Int J Primatol 34:157\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10764-012-9654-8","journal-title":"Int J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000363057","volume":"85","author":"L Bolt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolt L (2014) Male-specific use of the purr in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Folia Primatol 85:201\u2013214","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575594","DOI":"10.1159\/000508808","volume":"91","author":"L Bolt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolt L (2020) Affiliative contact calls during group travel: chirp and wail vocalization use in the male ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Folia Primatol 91:575594","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-020-00878-3","volume":"62","author":"L Bolt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bolt L (2021) Agonistic vocalization behaviour in the male ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Primates 62:417\u2013430","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"1270_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12637","volume":"123","author":"L Bolt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bolt L, Tennenhouse E (2017) Contact calling behaviour in the male ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta). Ethology 123:614\u2013626","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"1270_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000369064","volume":"86","author":"L Bolt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bolt L, Sauther M, Cuozzo F, Ibrahim J (2015) Anti-predator vocalization usage in the male ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Folia Primatol 86:124\u2013133","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR12","first-page":"390","volume":"4","author":"H Bouchet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouchet H, Blois-Heulin C, Lemasson A (2013) Social complexity parallels vocal complexity: a comparison of three non-human primate species. Front Psych 4:390","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"1270_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brunner HI, Giannini EH (2011) Trial design, measurement, and analysis of clinical investigations. In: Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, Saunders, WB. pp 127\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6581-4.10007-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6581-4.10007-X"},{"issue":"5","key":"1270_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2007.01345.x","volume":"113","author":"R Delgado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Delgado R (2007) Geographic variation in the long calls of male orangutans (Pongo spp). Ethology 113(5):487\u2013498","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"1270_CR16","unstructured":"Duke Lemur Center (DLC) (2026) Facilities. https:\/\/lemur.duke.edu\/discover\/for-researchers\/facilities\/"},{"issue":"1860","key":"1270_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210297","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0297","volume":"377","author":"C Fichtel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fichtel C, Kappeler PM (2022) Coevolution of social and communicative complexity in lemurs. Phil Trans R Soc B 377(1860):20210297","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"1270_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<63::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"39","author":"L Gould","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gould L (1996) Male-female affiliative relationships in naturally occurring ring-17 tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Primatol 39:63\u201378","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10151","volume":"120","author":"L Gould","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gould L, Sussman RW, Sauther ML (2003) Demographic and life-history patterns in a population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Reserve: a 15-year perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:182\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.10151","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"1270_CR20","unstructured":"JMP\u00ae Version v17.0 (2023) SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC"},{"key":"1270_CR21","volume-title":"Lemur Behavior","author":"A Jolly","year":"1966","unstructured":"Jolly A (1966) Lemur Behavior. Chicago University Press, Chicago"},{"key":"1270_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000500443","volume":"91","author":"RJ Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis RJ (2019) Female power: a new framework for understanding Female Dominance in lemurs. Folia Primatol 91:48\u201368","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350110208","volume":"11","author":"JM Macedonia","year":"1986","unstructured":"Macedonia JM (1986) Individuality in a contact call of the ringtailed lemur. Am J Primatol 11:163\u2013179","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR24","unstructured":"Macedonia JM (1990a) Vocal communication and antipredator behavior in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta). Ph.D. dissertation: Duke University, North Carolina"},{"key":"1270_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1990.tb00428.x","volume":"86","author":"JM Macedonia","year":"1990","unstructured":"Macedonia JM (1990b) What is Communicated in the Antipredator Calls of Lemurs: Evidence from Playback Experiments with Ringtailed and Ruffed Lemurs. Ethology 86:177\u2013190","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"1270_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000156749","volume":"61","author":"JM Macedonia","year":"1993","unstructured":"Macedonia JM (1993) The vocal repertoire of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Folia Primatol 61:186\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000156749","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0366","volume":"1","author":"K McComb","year":"2005","unstructured":"McComb K, Semple S (2005) Coevolution of vocal communication and sociality in primates. Biol Lett 1:381\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0366","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1270_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000487433","volume":"89","author":"SL Meredith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meredith SL (2018) Sex-typed social development in. Lemur catta Folia Primatol 89:224\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487433","journal-title":"Lemur catta Folia Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02735447","volume":"17","author":"R Oda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oda R (1996) Effects of contextual and social variables on contact call production in free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Int J Primatol 17:191\u2013205","journal-title":"Int J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000156353","volume":"51","author":"ME Pereira","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pereira ME, Seeligson ML, Macedonia JM (1988) The behavioral repertoire of the black-and-white ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae). Folia Primato 51:1\u201332","journal-title":"Folia Primato"},{"key":"1270_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-222150-7.50012-X","volume-title":"The study of prosimian behavior","author":"JJ Petter","year":"1979","unstructured":"Petter JJ, Charles-Dominique P (1979) Vocal communication in prosimians. In: Doyle GA G. and, Martin R (eds) The study of prosimian behavior. Academic, New York, pp 247\u2013305"},{"key":"1270_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x3","volume":"88","author":"RI Pocock","year":"1918","unstructured":"Pocock RI (1918) On the external characters of the lemurs and of tarsius. Proc Zool Soc 88:19\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x3","journal-title":"Proc Zool Soc"},{"key":"1270_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02739366","volume":"10","author":"ML Sauther","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sauther ML (1989) Antipredator behavior in troops of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 10:595\u2013605","journal-title":"Int J Primatol"},{"key":"1270_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330840409","volume":"84","author":"ML Sauther","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sauther ML (1991) Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:463\u2013477","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1270_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:4<120::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"8","author":"ML Sauther","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sauther ML, Sussman RW, Gould L (1999) The socioecology of the ring-tailed lemur: Thirty-five years of research. Evol Anthropol: News Issues Rev 8(4):120\u2013132","journal-title":"Evol Anthropol: News Issues Rev"},{"key":"1270_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann E (2017) Evolutionary origins of primate vocal communication: Diversity, flexibility, and complexity of vocalizations in basal primates. Prim Hear Comm 109\u2013140","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59478-1_5"}],"container-title":["Primates"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T17:05:10Z","timestamp":1784048710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["1270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10329-026-01270-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-8332","1610-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-8332","type":"print"},{"value":"1610-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was conducted ethically and with Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Approval under Protocol A218-16-10.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}