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In southern Brazil, brown howlers still inhabit some fragments of the endangered Araucaria Pine Forest (APF), but basic information on their social organization remains scarce. We surveyed brown howler monkey groups to assess their group size and composition in three nearby similarly sized peri-urban APF fragments in Curitiba, southern Brazil. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we investigated whether the number of males, females and immatures could be predicted by the number of individuals in each of these sex-age categories, along with group size. Monthly expeditions were conducted over 11\u201313 months, using multiple walks in each fragment to survey howler monkeys\u2019 groups. We surveyed 17 groups over 332\u00a0km of fieldwork. Group sizes ranged from two to eight individuals (mean 4.88\u2009\u00b1\u20091.65 SD), sex and age proportion was 1 adult male: 0.5 subadult male: 1.7 adult females: 1.2 juvenile: 0.4 infant, and the immature-to-female ratio was 0.96. We found that group size was a significant positive predictor for the number of adult females, juveniles and immatures overall, suggesting a general increase in fitness in larger groups, but not for the number of males and infants. Our findings indicate the presence of a small established population of brown howler monkeys in relatively small APFs, with population parameters in the typical range of the species, but an immature-to-female ratio more similar to populations of stagnanting growth, pointing to the necessity to implement measures to conserve and connect this population in an endangered habitat.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-026-01283-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:16:15Z","timestamp":1786094175000},"page":"725-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Group size and composition of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) in three fragments of Araucaria Pine Forest in southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Amanda Let\u00edcia","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Rangel","family":"Santos-Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Augusto Andrich","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Barbarine","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Retondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23000","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23000","volume":"81","author":"FVS Abreu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abreu FVS, dos Santos E, Gomes MQ, Vargas WP, Oliveira Passos PH, Nunes e Silva C, Ara\u00fajo PC, Pires JR, Romano APM, Teixeira DS, Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R (2019) Capture of Alouatta guariba clamitans for the surveillance of sylvatic yellow fever and zoonotic malaria: which is the best strategy in the tropical Atlantic Forest? 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