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B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      mapping via the double-angle method was used to account for spatial variation in transmit and receive sensitivity. Apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC) was estimated relative to a concurrently imaged phantom of known concentration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean and standard deviation of B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -corrected aTSC across all subjects were 28 \u00b1 7\u00a0mM, approximately 63% higher than previously published studies at 3 T. Although the study was not originally powered to detect gender or racial differences, a higher aTSC was observed in males relative to females (31 \u00b1 5\u00a0mM vs. 23 \u00b1 7\u00a0mM, distribution 11M\/6F).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The skin aTSC values recorded were slightly higher than in some previous studies, which possibly arose from the higher spatial resolution and coil sensitivity utilised here. The recorded values remain lower than those measured at 7 T or via direct tissue sampling. Sex-linked differences in\n                      <jats:sup>23<\/jats:sup>\n                      Na-MRI-derived aTSC are consistent with biopsy results described in the literature. A scan duration of ~40 minutes was considered clinically acceptable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-026-01390-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T10:11:40Z","timestamp":1784110300000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of skin sodium content via 23Na magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T using a single-loop surface transmit\/receive coil"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-4038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Richard","family":"Birchall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua Daniel","family":"Kaggie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Riemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viknesh","family":"Selvarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin John","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdia Aiden","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Anne","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1390_CR1","first-page":"205","volume":"17","author":"AW Cowley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cowley AW (1991) Salt and hypertension\u2013future directions. 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Selvarajah and K. Connolly were employed by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. V. Selvarajah and K. Connolly are currently employed by Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom. FAG has research support from GE HealthCare, NVision, and AstraZeneca. The authors have no other relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All imaging of human participants was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments and comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical review committee (REC reference number 08-H0311-117).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual subjects prior to their participation in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Details of\n                      T\n                      \n                        1\n                      \n                      and\n                      T\n                      \n                        2\n                      \n                      *\n                      relaxation bias correction estimates (Fig.\n                      \n                      ). Evaluation of B\n                      1\n                      inhomogeneity correction efficacy and validity in phantom experiments (Fig. S2). Subject-specific tissue sodium concentration estimates and signal-to-noise ratio measurements (Table\n                      \n                      ). Uncertainty propagation in the estimation of skin aTSC (Table S2). Evaluation of spatial noise profile (Fig. S3). Methodology for quantifying SNR differences between surface coils and volume resonator coils (Fig. S4). Evaluation of receive coil safety (Table S3, Fig. S5). Assessment of skin sodium estimation with respect to skin-surface coil separation (Fig. S6).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Supporting information","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}