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It requires an understanding of climate effects on forest systems and the ability to forecast how these effects may change over time. We used Spanish Second National Forest Inventory data and the SIMANFOR platform to simulate the evolution of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stock (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> Mg \u00b7 ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and accumulation rates (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> Mg \u00b7 ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 year<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) for the 2000\u20132100 period in pure and mixed stands managed under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in Spain. We hypothesized that (1) the more optimistic climate scenarios (SSP1\u2009&gt;\u2009\u2009&gt;\u2009SSP5) would have higher CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stock and accumulation rates; (2) mixed stands would have higher CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stock and accumulation rates than pure stands; and (3) the behavior of both variables would vary based on forest composition (conifer\u2013conifer vs. conifer\u2013broadleaf). We focused on <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic> L., and its main mixtures with <jats:italic>Pinus nigra<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pinus pinaster<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Quercus pyrenaica<\/jats:italic>. The SSP scenarios had correlating CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stock values in which SSP1\u2009&gt;\u2009SSP2\u2009&gt;\u2009SSP3\u2009&gt;\u2009SSP5, ranging from the most optimistic (SSP1) to the most pessimistic (SSP5). Though pure stands had higher CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stock at the beginning, differences with regard to mixed stands were drastically reduced at the end of the simulation period. We also found an increase in the aboveground CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> proportion compared to belowground in conifer\u2013broadleaf mixtures, while the opposite trend occurred in conifer\u2013conifer mixtures. Overall CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> accumulation rates decreased significantly from the beginning to the end of the simulation period, but our results indicated that this decline would be less drastic in mixed stands than in pure ones. At the end of the simulation period, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> accumulation rates were higher in mixed stands than in pure stands for all mixtures, fractions (aboveground and belowground) and SSPs. Knowing the evolution of mixed forests in different climate scenarios is relevant for developing useful silvicultural guidelines in the Mediterranean region and optimizing forestry adaptation strategies. Better understanding can also inform the design of management measures for transitioning from pure stands to more resource efficient, resistant and resilient mixed stands, in efforts to reduce forest vulnerability in the face of climate change. This work highlights the importance and benefits of mixed stands in terms of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> accumulation, stand productivity and species diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-022-01507-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T17:02:35Z","timestamp":1665939755000},"page":"91-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Can mixed forests sequester more CO2 than pure forests in future climate scenarios? 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