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Essential components of those recommendations were antimicrobial teams in hospitals and the use of feedback to prescribers as well as educational activities. Two decades later, important surveillance systems on both antimicrobial resistance as well as on antibiotic consumption are functioning at the European level and in most European countries; European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) has thoroughly re-evaluated, standardized and harmonized antibiotic susceptibility testing and breakpoints; there have been educational activities in many countries; and stewardship teams are now included in many guidelines and policy papers and recommendations. Yet, antimicrobial resistance problems in Europe have shifted from methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) to vancomycin-resistent <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (VRE) and to multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacteria, while antibiotic consumption volumes, trends and patterns across countries do not show major and highly significant improvements. The way to go further is to recognize that better prescribing comes at a\u00a0cost and requires investment in expert personnel, practice guideline drafting, and implementation aids, and, secondly, the setting of clear goals and quantitative targets for prescribing quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-020-00796-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1612932876000},"page":"4-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Organization of antibiotic stewardship in Europe: the way to go"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried V.","family":"Kern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes\u00a0AH, Moore\u00a0LS, Sundsfjord\u00a0A, Steinbakk\u00a0M, Regmi\u00a0S, Karkey\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. 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