{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:32:41Z","timestamp":1768483961182,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015027","name":"Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9903271877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9903271877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Med Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T18:18:02Z","timestamp":1673288282000},"page":"140-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a\u00a0prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Abbas","family":"Taher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Lashkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Keramat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Hamid","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ladan","family":"Sedighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Poorolajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Mehrpooya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"993_CR1","volume-title":"COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update","author":"Organization WH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Organization WH. COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update. 58th\u00a0ed. 2021.","edition":"58"},{"issue":"4","key":"993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.09","volume":"23","author":"X Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang\u00a0X, Wei\u00a0F, Hu\u00a0L, Wen\u00a0L, Chen\u00a0K. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(4):268\u201371.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02911-9","volume":"24","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li\u00a0X, Ma\u00a0X. Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it \u201ctypical\u201d ARDS? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00451-w","volume":"6","author":"L Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang\u00a0L, Xie\u00a0X, Tu\u00a0Z, Fu\u00a0J, Xu\u00a0D, Zhou\u00a0Y. The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59261-5_18","volume":"1321","author":"M Jafari-Oori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jafari-Oori\u00a0M, Ghasemifard\u00a0F, Ebadi\u00a0A, Karimi\u00a0L, Rahimi-Bashar\u00a0F, Jamialahmadi\u00a0T, Guest\u00a0PC, Vahedian-Azimi\u00a0A, Sahebkar\u00a0A. 18 acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: a scoping review and meta-analysis. Clin Biol Mol Aspects Covid-19. 2021;1321:211.","journal-title":"Clin Biol Mol Aspects Covid-19"},{"issue":"10223","key":"993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang\u00a0C, Wang\u00a0Y, Li\u00a0X, Ren\u00a0L, Zhao\u00a0J, Hu\u00a0Y, Zhang\u00a0L, Fan\u00a0G, Xu\u00a0J, Gu\u00a0X. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","volume":"130","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0G, Wu\u00a0D, Guo\u00a0W, Cao\u00a0Y, Huang\u00a0D, Wang\u00a0H, Wang\u00a0T, Zhang\u00a0X, Chen\u00a0H, Yu\u00a0H. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J\u00a0Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"993_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102569","volume":"19","author":"J Alijotas-Reig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alijotas-Reig\u00a0J, Esteve-Valverde\u00a0E, Belizna\u00a0C, Selva-O\u2019Callaghan\u00a0A, Pardos-Gea\u00a0J, Quintana\u00a0A, Mekinian\u00a0A, Anunciacion-Llunell\u00a0A, Mir\u00f3-Mur\u00a0F. Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102569.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/CPM.0000000000000381","volume":"27","author":"M Marmor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marmor\u00a0M, Jonas\u00a0A. Corticosteroids for COVID-19-Associated ARDS. Clin Pulm Med. 2020;27(6):165.","journal-title":"Clin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56847-4","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou\u00a0Y, Fu\u00a0X, Liu\u00a0X, Huang\u00a0C, Tian\u00a0G, Ding\u00a0C, Wu\u00a0J, Lan\u00a0L, Yang\u00a0S. Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a\u00a0systemic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051693","volume":"354","author":"KP Steinberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinberg KP,  Hudson LD,  Goodman RB, Hough CL, Lanken PN, Hyzy R, Thompson BT, Ancukiewicz M; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1671\u201384.","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.01.002","volume":"1","author":"D Annane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Annane D. Corticosteroids for COVID-19. J\u00a0Intensive Med. 2021;1(1):14\u201325.","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","volume":"384","author":"The RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2021","unstructured":"The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19\u2014preliminary report. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","volume":"324","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterne\u00a0JA, Murthy\u00a0S, Diaz\u00a0JV, Slutsky\u00a0AS, Villar\u00a0J, Angus\u00a0DC, Annane\u00a0D, Azevedo\u00a0LCP, Berwanger\u00a0O, Cavalcanti\u00a0AB. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a\u00a0meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa478","author":"A Bhimraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhimraj A, Morgan RL, Shumaker AH, Lavergne V, Baden L, Cheng VC\u2011C, Edwards KM, Gandhi R, Muller WJ, O\u2019Horo JC. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa478.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014963.","author":"C Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner\u00a0C, Griesel\u00a0M, Mikolajewska\u00a0A, Mueller\u00a0A, Nothacker\u00a0M, Kley\u00a0K, Metzendorf\u00a0M\u2011I, Fischer\u00a0A\u2011L, Kopp\u00a0M, Stegemann\u00a0M. Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD014963.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05706-z","volume":"21","author":"K Ranjbar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranjbar\u00a0K, Moghadami\u00a0M, Mirahmadizadeh\u00a0A, Fallahi\u00a0MJ, Khaloo\u00a0V, Shahriarirad\u00a0R, Erfani\u00a0A, Khodamoradi\u00a0Z, Saadi\u00a0MHG. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19\u00a0patients: a\u00a0triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252057","volume":"16","author":"MA Pinz\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinz\u00f3n\u00a0MA, Ortiz\u00a0S, Holgu\u00edn\u00a0H, Betancur\u00a0JF, Cardona Arango\u00a0D, Laniado\u00a0H, Arias Arias\u00a0C, Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0B, Quiceno\u00a0J, Jaramillo\u00a0D. Dexamethasone vs methylprednisolone high dose for Covid-19 pneumonia. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e252057.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066621994057","volume":"36","author":"JJ Ko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko\u00a0JJ, Wu\u00a0C, Mehta\u00a0N, Wald-Dickler\u00a0N, Yang\u00a0W, Qiao\u00a0R. A comparison of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone in intensive care patients with COVID-19. J\u00a0Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(6):673\u201380.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1929","volume":"61","author":"S Khiali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khiali\u00a0S, Entezari-Maleki\u00a0T. Therapeutic application of corticosteroids in COVID-19: a focus on optimum dose and duration of therapy. J\u00a0Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(9):1145.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"23","key":"993_CR21","first-page":"2526","volume":"307","author":"ADT Force","year":"2012","unstructured":"Force\u00a0ADT, Ranieri\u00a0V, Rubenfeld\u00a0G, Thompson\u00a0B, Ferguson\u00a0N, Caldwell\u00a0E, Fan\u00a0E, Camporota\u00a0L, Slutsky\u00a0A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526\u201333.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30483-7","volume":"20","author":"JC Marshall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marshall\u00a0JC, Murthy\u00a0S, Diaz\u00a0J, Adhikari\u00a0N, Angus\u00a0DC, Arabi\u00a0YM, Baillie\u00a0K, Bauer\u00a0M, Berry\u00a0S, Blackwood\u00a0B. A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):e192\u2013e7.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2100","volume":"131","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meduri\u00a0GU, Golden\u00a0E, Freire\u00a0AX, Taylor\u00a0E, Zaman\u00a0M, Carson\u00a0SJ, Gibson\u00a0M, Umberger\u00a0R. Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ARDS: results of a\u00a0randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2007;131(4):954\u201363.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1884248","author":"Y Que","year":"2021","unstructured":"Que Y, Hu C, Wan K, Hu P, Wang R, Luo J, Li T, Ping R, Hu Q, Sun Y. Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: a\u00a0major mechanism of morbidity and mortality. Int Rev Immunol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08830185.2021.1884248.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5642","volume":"254","author":"LE van Eijk","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Eijk LE, Binkhorst M, Bourgonje AR, Offringa AK, Mulder DJ, Bos EM, Kolundzic N, Abdulle AE, van der Voort PH, Rikkert OMG. COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. J\u00a0Pathol. 2021;254(4):307\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.5642.","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pathol."},{"key":"993_CR26","volume-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines","author":"Health NIo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Health NIo. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020."},{"key":"993_CR27","volume-title":"Corticosteroids for COVID-19: living guidance, 2 September 2020","author":"Organization WH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Organization WH. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: living guidance, 2 September 2020. World Health Organization; 2020."},{"issue":"13","key":"993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","volume":"324","author":"BM Tomazini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomazini\u00a0BM, Maia\u00a0IS, Cavalcanti\u00a0AB, Berwanger\u00a0O, Rosa\u00a0RG, Veiga\u00a0VC, Avezum\u00a0A, Lopes\u00a0RD, Bueno\u00a0FR, Silva\u00a0MVA. Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: the CoDEX randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1307\u201316.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","volume":"8","author":"J Villar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villar\u00a0J, Ferrando\u00a0C, Mart\u00ednez\u00a0D, Ambr\u00f3s\u00a0A, Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0T, Soler\u00a0JA, Aguilar\u00a0G, Alba\u00a0F, Gonz\u00e1lez-Higueras\u00a0E, Conesa\u00a0LA. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a\u00a0multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):267\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16761","volume":"324","author":"P-F Dequin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dequin\u00a0P\u2011F, Heming\u00a0N, Meziani\u00a0F, Plantef\u00e8ve\u00a0G, Voiriot\u00a0G, Badi\u00e9\u00a0J, Fran\u00e7ois\u00a0B, Aubron\u00a0C, Ricard\u00a0J\u2011D, Ehrmann\u00a0S. Effect of hydrocortisone on 21-day mortality or respiratory support among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a\u00a0randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1298\u2013306.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17022","volume":"324","author":"DC Angus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angus\u00a0DC, Derde\u00a0L, Al-Beidh\u00a0F, Annane\u00a0D, Arabi\u00a0Y, Beane\u00a0A, van Bentum-Puijk\u00a0W, Berry\u00a0L, Bhimani\u00a0Z, Bonten\u00a0M. Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality and organ support in patients with severe COVID-19: the REMAP-CAP COVID-19 corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1317\u201329.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01805-8","volume":"133","author":"L Corral-Gudino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corral-Gudino\u00a0L, Bahamonde\u00a0A, Arnaiz-Revillas\u00a0F, G\u00f3mez-Barquero\u00a0J, Abad\u00eda-Otero\u00a0J, Garc\u00eda-Ibarbia\u00a0C, Mora\u00a0V, Cerezo-Hern\u00e1ndez\u00a0A, Hern\u00e1ndez\u00a0JL, L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1\u00edz\u00a0G. Methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021;133(7):303\u201311.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"9","key":"993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1177","volume":"72","author":"CMP Jeronimo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeronimo\u00a0CMP, Farias\u00a0MEL, Val\u00a0FFA, Sampaio\u00a0VS, Alexandre\u00a0MAA, Melo\u00a0GC, Safe\u00a0IP, Borba\u00a0MGS, Netto\u00a0RLA, Maciel\u00a0ABS. Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): a\u00a0randomized, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):e373\u2013e81.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000145","volume":"2","author":"ME Hazbun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hazbun ME, Faust AC, Ortegon AL, Sheperd LA, Weinstein GL, Doebele RL, Weinmeister KD, Liddell AM, Feldman M. The combination of tocilizumab and methylprednisolone along with initial lung recruitment strategy in coronavirus disease 2019\u00a0patients requiring mechanical ventilation: a\u00a0series of 21\u00a0consecutive cases. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2(6):e0145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000145.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"993_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.027","volume":"60","author":"SA Fatima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fatima\u00a0SA, Asif\u00a0M, Khan\u00a0KA, Siddique\u00a0N, Khan\u00a0AZ. Comparison of efficacy of dexamethasone and methylprednisolone in moderate to severe covid 19 disease. Ann Med Surg. 2020;60:413\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"issue":"19","key":"993_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194465","volume":"10","author":"JM Mora-Luj\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mora-Luj\u00e1n\u00a0JM, Tuells\u00a0M, Montero\u00a0A, Formiga\u00a0F, Homs\u00a0NA, Alb\u00e0-Albalate\u00a0J, Corbella\u00a0X, Rubio-Rivas\u00a0M. High-dose methylprednisolone pulses for 3\u00a0days vs. low-dose dexamethasone for 10\u00a0days in severe, non-critical COVID-19: a\u00a0retrospective propensity score matched analysis. J\u00a0Clin Med. 2021;10(19):4465.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"993_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5557302","author":"A Oganesyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oganesyan A, Menzulin R, Surovoy Y, Nikiforchin A, Zykov K. Target groups for a\u00a0short Dexamethasone course among critically ill COVID-19 patients. Crit Care Res Pract. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5557302.","journal-title":"patients. Crit Care Res Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"993_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10918","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10918","volume":"12","author":"MA Rana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rana MA, Hashmi M, Qayyum A, Pervaiz R, Saleem M, Munir MF, Saif MMU. Comparison of efficacy of dexamethasone and methylprednisolone in improving PaO2\/FiO2 ratio among COVID-19\u00a0patients. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.10918.","journal-title":"patients. Cureus."},{"issue":"10","key":"993_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13941","volume":"65","author":"MW Munch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munch MW, Meyhoff TS, Helleberg M, Kj\u00e6r MBN, Granholm A, Hjorts\u00f8 CJS, Jensen TS, M\u00f8ller MH, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev M. Low-dose hydrocortisone in patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxia: the COVID STEROID randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2021;65(10):1421\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aas.13941.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"993_CR40","first-page":"550","volume":"111","author":"E Du Plessis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du Plessis\u00a0E, Lalla\u00a0U, Allwood\u00a0B, Louw\u00a0E, Nortje\u00a0A, Parker\u00a0A, Taljaard\u00a0J, Ayele\u00a0B, Nyasulu\u00a0P, Koegelenberg\u00a0C. Corticosteroids in critical COVID-19: Are all corticosteroids equal? South Afr Med\u00a0J. 2021;111(6):550\u20133.","journal-title":"South Afr Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"993_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06314","volume":"63","author":"DM Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams\u00a0DM. Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids. Respir Care. 2018;63(6):655\u201370.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"993_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190021998502","author":"M Johns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johns\u00a0M, George\u00a0S, Taburyanskaya\u00a0M, Poon\u00a0YK. A review of the evidence for corticosteroids in COVID-19. J\u00a0Pharm Pract. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0897190021998502.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"}],"container-title":["Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T06:08:12Z","timestamp":1680070092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10354-022-00993-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5341","1563-258X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5341","type":"print"},{"value":"1563-258X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"A.\u00a0Taher, M.\u00a0Lashkari, F.\u00a0Keramat, S.H.\u00a0Hashemi, L.\u00a0Sedighi, J.\u00a0Poorolajal, and M.\u00a0Mehrpooya declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The trial protocol was according to the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 1989, and the study protocol was approved by the research and ethics committee at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSHA.REC.13999.152). Patients (or relatives in case of unconscious patients) provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}