{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:16:41Z","timestamp":1741925801964,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Med Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T08:09:51Z","timestamp":1681805391000},"page":"60-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol and the death of Ludwig van Beethoven: comparison of general biographies to the medical literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8868-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lebwohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1010_CR1","first-page":"550","volume-title":"The new Beethoven: evolution, analysis, interpretation","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yudkin\u00a0J, Lockwood\u00a0L, editors. The new Beethoven: evolution, analysis, interpretation. Rochester: University of Rochester Press; 2020. p.\u00a0550. Eastman studies in music."},{"issue":"2","key":"1010_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2014.0013","volume":"57","author":"ZD Goldberger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldberger\u00a0ZD, Whiting\u00a0SM, Howell\u00a0JD. The heartfelt music of Ludwig van Beethoven. Perspect Biol Med. 2014;57(2):285\u201394.","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"1010_CR3","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Thayer\u2019s life of Beethoven","author":"AW Thayer","year":"1967","unstructured":"Thayer\u00a0AW, Forbes\u00a0E, Deiters\u00a0H, Riemann\u00a0H, Krehbiel HE.\u00a0Thayer\u2019s life of Beethoven. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1967. p.\u00a02."},{"key":"1010_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781787448292","volume-title":"Beethoven\u2019s lives: the biographical tradition","author":"L Lockwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lockwood\u00a0L. Beethoven\u2019s lives: the biographical tradition. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press; 2020."},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"1010_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-021-00857-3","volume":"171","author":"W Meredith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meredith\u00a0W. Diagnostic challenges, best sources, and future paths for diagnoses of Beethoven\u2019s physical and mental illnesses. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2021;171(15\u201316):351\u20135.","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1478271520063603021","volume":"36","author":"FMM Mai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mai\u00a0FMM. Beethoven\u2019s terminal illness and death. J\u00a0R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2006;36(3):258\u201363.","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"key":"1010_CR7","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Beethoven: the composer as hero","author":"P Autexier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Autexier\u00a0P. Beethoven: the composer as hero. Thames and Hudson; 1992. p.\u00a0143."},{"key":"1010_CR8","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"AP Baker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baker\u00a0AP. Beethoven. Stroud: Sutton; 1997. p.\u00a0114. Pocket biographies."},{"key":"1010_CR9","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"P Bekker","year":"1932","unstructured":"Bekker\u00a0P. Beethoven. New York: Dutton; 1932."},{"key":"1010_CR10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Beethoven: variations on a\u00a0life","author":"ME Bonds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonds\u00a0ME. Beethoven: variations on a\u00a0life. New York: Oxford University Press; 2020. p.\u00a01."},{"key":"1010_CR11","first-page":"483","volume-title":"The life and works of Beethoven","author":"JN Burk","year":"1943","unstructured":"Burk\u00a0JN. The life and works of Beethoven. New York: Random House; 1943. p.\u00a0483."},{"key":"1010_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.17104\/9783406749438","volume-title":"Beethoven: a\u00a0life","author":"J Caeyers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caeyers\u00a0J, Annable\u00a0B. Beethoven: a\u00a0life. Oakland: University of California Press; 2020. p.\u00a0630."},{"key":"1010_CR13","first-page":"466","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"B Cooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cooper\u00a0B. Beethoven. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2008. p.\u00a0466. Illustrated edition."},{"key":"1010_CR14","first-page":"483","volume-title":"Beethoven: the last decade 1817\u20131827","author":"M Cooper","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cooper\u00a0M. Beethoven: the last decade 1817\u20131827. London, New York: Oxford University Press; 1970. p.\u00a0483."},{"key":"1010_CR15","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"FJ Crowest","year":"1903","unstructured":"Crowest\u00a0FJ. Beethoven. London, New York: J. M. Dent; E. P. Dutton; 1903. p.\u00a0319. The master musicians."},{"key":"1010_CR16","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"AEF Dickinson","year":"1941","unstructured":"Dickinson\u00a0AEF. Beethoven. London, New York: T. Nelson; 1941. p.\u00a07. Discussion books."},{"key":"1010_CR17","first-page":"376","volume-title":"The life of Beethoven","author":"MA Diehl","year":"1908","unstructured":"Diehl\u00a0MA. The life of Beethoven. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1908. p.\u00a0376."},{"key":"1010_CR18","volume-title":"Beethoven; a\u00a0dramatic biography. With an accompaniment of Beethoven\u2019s music","author":"R Fauchois","year":"1909","unstructured":"Fauchois\u00a0R. Beethoven; a\u00a0dramatic biography. With an accompaniment of Beethoven\u2019s music. New York: Redfield Bros; 1909. printers."},{"key":"1010_CR19","volume-title":"Beethoven, a\u00a0character study; together with Wagner\u2019s indebtedness to Beethoven","author":"GA Fischer","year":"1905","unstructured":"Fischer\u00a0GA. Beethoven, a\u00a0character study; together with Wagner\u2019s indebtedness to Beethoven. New York: Dodd, Mead and company; 1905."},{"key":"1010_CR20","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Ludwig van Beethoven: a\u00a0study in text and pictures","author":"HC Fischer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fischer\u00a0HC, Kock\u00a0E. Ludwig van Beethoven: a\u00a0study in text and pictures. London, New York: Macmillan; St. Martin\u2019s Press; 1972. p.\u00a0205."},{"key":"1010_CR21","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"M Geck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geck\u00a0M. Beethoven. London: Haus; 2003. p.\u00a0173. Life & times (London, England)."},{"key":"1010_CR22","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Beethoven: a\u00a0memoir","author":"E Graeme","year":"1870","unstructured":"Graeme\u00a0E, Hiller\u00a0F. Beethoven: a\u00a0memoir. London: C. Griffin; 1870. p.\u00a0184."},{"key":"1010_CR23","first-page":"394","volume-title":"Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn","author":"G Grove","year":"1951","unstructured":"Grove\u00a0G. Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn. London: Macmillan; 1951. p.\u00a0394."},{"key":"1010_CR24","first-page":"399","volume-title":"The life and times of Beethoven","author":"\u00c9 Herriot","year":"1935","unstructured":"Herriot \u00c9, Mitchell\u00a0AI, Mitchell\u00a0WJ. The life and times of Beethoven. New York: The Macmillan company; 1935. p.\u00a0399."},{"key":"1010_CR25","volume-title":"Ludwig van Beethoven: an illustrated biography","author":"E Herttrich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herttrich\u00a0E. Ludwig van Beethoven: an illustrated biography. Bonn: Verlag Beethoven-Haus; 2000."},{"key":"1010_CR26","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Beethoven: the man","author":"A de Hevesy","year":"1927","unstructured":"de Hevesy\u00a0A, Flint\u00a0FS. Beethoven: the man. London: Faber & Gwyer; 1927. p.\u00a02."},{"key":"1010_CR27","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Beethoven: a\u00a0critical biography","author":"V D\u2019Indy","year":"1913","unstructured":"D\u2019Indy\u00a0V. Beethoven: a\u00a0critical biography. Boston: Boston Music; 1913. p.\u00a0127."},{"key":"1010_CR28","unstructured":"Jacobs D. Beethoven. New York: New York American Heritage Association. 1970. https:\/\/www.biblio.com\/beethoven-by-jacobs-david\/work\/448534. Accessed 10 Apr 2022."},{"key":"1010_CR29","first-page":"238","volume-title":"The new grove Beethoven","author":"J Kerman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kerman\u00a0J, Tyson\u00a0A. The new grove Beethoven. Palgrave Macmillan; 1983. p.\u00a0238."},{"key":"1010_CR30","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"W Kinderman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kinderman\u00a0W. Beethoven. Oxford University Press; 2009. p.\u00a0445."},{"key":"1010_CR31","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Beethoven and the world of music","author":"M Komroff","year":"1973","unstructured":"Komroff\u00a0M. Beethoven and the world of music. Greenwood Press; 1973. p.\u00a0183."},{"key":"1010_CR32","first-page":"621","volume-title":"Beethoven: the music and the life","author":"L Lockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lockwood\u00a0L. Beethoven: the music and the life. W. W. Norton; 2005. p.\u00a0621."},{"key":"1010_CR33","volume-title":"Beethoven; life of a\u00a0conqueror","author":"E Ludwig","year":"1943","unstructured":"Ludwig\u00a0E. Beethoven; life of a\u00a0conqueror. New York: G. P. Putnam\u2019s Sons; 1943."},{"key":"1010_CR34","first-page":"722","volume-title":"Beethoven: biography of a\u00a0genius","author":"GR Marek","year":"1972","unstructured":"Marek\u00a0GR. Beethoven: biography of a\u00a0genius. T. Y. Crowell; 1972. p.\u00a0722."},{"key":"1010_CR35","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"D Matthews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matthews\u00a0D. Beethoven. London: J.M. Dent; 1985. p.\u00a0279. The Master musicians."},{"key":"1010_CR36","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"R May","year":"1990","unstructured":"May\u00a0R. Beethoven. London: Octopus; 1990. [cited 2022 Apr 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.biblio.com\/book\/beethoven-may-robin\/d\/1408254345."},{"key":"1010_CR37","first-page":"260","volume-title":"Beethoven: the universal composer","author":"E Morris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morris\u00a0E. Beethoven: the universal composer. Harper Collins; 2009. p.\u00a0260."},{"key":"1010_CR38","volume-title":"Life of Beethoven","author":"L Nohl","year":"1881","unstructured":"Nohl\u00a0L, Lalor\u00a0JJ. Life of Beethoven. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company; 1881."},{"key":"1010_CR39","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Beethoven: his life and times. Turnbridge Wells","author":"A Orga","year":"1978","unstructured":"Orga\u00a0A. Beethoven: his life and times. Turnbridge Wells. New York: Midas Books, Two Continents; 1978. p.\u00a0176."},{"key":"1010_CR40","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"A Pryce-Jones","year":"1948","unstructured":"Pryce-Jones\u00a0A. Beethoven. New York: A. A. Wyn; 1948."},{"key":"1010_CR41","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"W Riezler","year":"1938","unstructured":"Riezler\u00a0W. Beethoven. London: M. C. Forrester; 1938."},{"key":"1010_CR42","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"R Rolland","year":"1917","unstructured":"Rolland\u00a0R, Hull\u00a0BC, Hull\u00a0AE. Beethoven. New York: H. Holt; 1917. p.\u00a0244."},{"key":"1010_CR43","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"HA Rudall","year":"1890","unstructured":"Rudall\u00a0HA. Beethoven. New York: Scribner and Welford; 1890. p.\u00a0165. The great musicians."},{"key":"1010_CR44","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"S Sadie","year":"1967","unstructured":"Sadie\u00a0S. Beethoven. New York: Crowell; 1967."},{"key":"1010_CR45","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Beethoven: the man who freed music","author":"RH Schauffler","year":"1929","unstructured":"Schauffler\u00a0RH. Beethoven: the man who freed music. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran; 1929. p.\u00a02."},{"key":"1010_CR46","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Beethoven as I knew him","author":"A Schindler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schindler\u00a0A, MacArdle\u00a0DW. Beethoven as I knew him. Courier Corporation; 1996. p.\u00a0562."},{"key":"1010_CR47","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Beethoven: the first biography, 1827","author":"JA Schlosser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schlosser\u00a0JA, Cooper\u00a0B. Beethoven: the first biography, 1827. Portland: Amadeus Press; 1996. p.\u00a0196."},{"key":"1010_CR48","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"MM Scott","year":"1937","unstructured":"Scott\u00a0MM. Beethoven. New York: Dutton; 1937."},{"key":"1010_CR49","volume-title":"Beethoven: his life & music","author":"J Siepmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siepmann\u00a0J. Beethoven: his life & music. Naperville: Sourcebooks MediaFusion; 2006."},{"key":"1010_CR50","first-page":"554","volume-title":"Beethoven","author":"M Solomon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Solomon\u00a0M. Beethoven. New York: Schirmer Books; 1998. p.\u00a0554."},{"key":"1010_CR51","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Beethoven as he lived","author":"R Specht","year":"1933","unstructured":"Specht\u00a0R, Kalisch\u00a0A. Beethoven as he lived. New York: H. Smith & R. Haas; 1933. p.\u00a0341."},{"key":"1010_CR52","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Beethoven: the man revealed","author":"J Suchet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suchet\u00a0J. Beethoven: the man revealed. New York: Grove Press; 2013. p.\u00a0389."},{"key":"1010_CR53","first-page":"1077","volume-title":"Beethoven: anguish and triumph: a\u00a0biography","author":"J Swafford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swafford\u00a0J. Beethoven: anguish and triumph: a\u00a0biography. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2014. p.\u00a01077."},{"key":"1010_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv179h1wm","volume-title":"Beethoven: a\u00a0life in nine pieces","author":"L Tunbridge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tunbridge\u00a0L. Beethoven: a\u00a0life in nine pieces. New Haven, London: Yale University Press; 2020."},{"key":"1010_CR55","volume-title":"Beethoven; the search for reality","author":"WJ Turner","year":"1927","unstructured":"Turner\u00a0WJ. Beethoven; the search for reality. London: E. Benn; 1927."},{"key":"1010_CR56","first-page":"204","volume-title":"The life of Beethoven","author":"WD Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones\u00a0WD. The life of Beethoven. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p.\u00a0204. Musical lives."},{"key":"1010_CR57","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Portrait of Beethoven: an illustrated biography","author":"F Zobeley","year":"1972","unstructured":"Zobeley\u00a0F. Portrait of Beethoven: an illustrated biography. New York: Herder and Herder; 1972. p.\u00a0176."},{"issue":"6","key":"1010_CR58","first-page":"623","volume":"126","author":"K Aterman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Aterman\u00a0K, MacSween\u00a0HM, Perry\u00a0PE, Warner\u00a0HA. Recurrent infections, diarrhea, ascites and phonophobia in a\u00a057-year-old man. Can Med Assoc\u00a0J. 1982;126(6):623\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"9003","key":"1010_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90119-1","volume":"347","author":"J Barnes Dennis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barnes Dennis\u00a0J. Beethoven\u2019s final illness. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):766\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1010_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520942331","volume":"32","author":"C Binns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Binns\u00a0C, Low\u00a0WY. Hearing loss in the 21st century and the legacy of Beethoven. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2020;32(5):224\u20135.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/00048678909062600","volume":"23","author":"H Bower","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bower\u00a0H. Beethoven\u2019s creative illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1989;23(1):111\u20136.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28464","volume":"131","author":"D Brotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brotto\u00a0D, Fellin\u00a0R, Sorrentino\u00a0F, Gheller\u00a0F, Trevisi\u00a0P, Bovo\u00a0R. A modern case sheds light on a\u00a0classical enigma: Beethoven\u2019s deafness. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(1):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"12","key":"1010_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07006-x","volume":"278","author":"D Brotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brotto\u00a0D, Flavia\u00a0S, Fellin\u00a0R. Does lead take the lead as the best explanation for Beethoven deafness? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(12):5109\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.07.030","volume":"129","author":"AZ Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper\u00a0AZ, Nair\u00a0SS, Tremaglio\u00a0JM. Diagnosing Beethoven: a new take on an old patient. Am J Med. 2016;129(1):126\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"319","key":"1010_CR65","first-page":"43","volume":"86","author":"BD Corner","year":"1963","unstructured":"Corner\u00a0BD. Beethoven. Muss es sein? Es muss sein. Bristol Medico Chir\u00a0J. 1963;86(319):43\u201350.","journal-title":"Bristol Medico Chir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689308600315","volume":"86","author":"PJ Davies","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davies\u00a0PJ. Beethoven\u2019s nephropathy and death: discussion paper. J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1993;86(3):159\u201361.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3109\/08860229509036379","volume":"17","author":"PJ Davies","year":"1995","unstructured":"Davies\u00a0PJ. Was Beethoven\u2019s cirrhosis due to hemochromatosis? Ren Fail. 1995;17(1):77\u201386.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"6","key":"1010_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00316-8","volume":"108","author":"MS Donnenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Donnenberg\u00a0MS, Collins\u00a0MT, Benitez\u00a0RM, Mackowiak\u00a0PA. The sound that failed. Am J Med. 2000;108(6):475\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"1010_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.3_Part_1.562","volume":"44","author":"ME Drake","year":"1994","unstructured":"Drake\u00a0ME. Deafness, dysesthesia, depression, diarrhea, dropsy, and death: the case for sarcoidosis in Ludwig van Beethoven. Neurology. 1994;44(3 Pt 1):562\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1010_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.001","volume":"78","author":"R Fellin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fellin\u00a0R, Richert\u00a0J. \u201cHaven\u2019t I always been a\u00a0sickly person?\u201d Controversies about L. van Beethoven\u2019s illnesses. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;78:147\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1010_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0571-x","volume":"27","author":"C Franzen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Franzen\u00a0C. Syphilis in composers and musicians\u2014Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(12):1151\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9003","key":"1010_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90119-1","volume":"347","author":"LC Hofbauer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hofbauer\u00a0LC, Heufelder\u00a0AE. Beethoven\u2019s final illness. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):766\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1010_CR73","unstructured":"Hui A, Wong S. Deafness and liver disease in a 57-year-old man: a medical history of Beethoven. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6(4):433-8."},{"issue":"4","key":"1010_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000178149.36881.df","volume":"26","author":"CS Karmody","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karmody\u00a0CS, Bachor\u00a0ES. The deafness of Ludwig Van Beethoven: an immunopathy. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(4):809\u201314.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1010_CR75","first-page":"375","volume":"85","author":"E Kauffman-Ortega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kauffman-Ortega\u00a0E, Valdovinos-D\u00edaz\u00a0MA. In memoriam Ludwig van Beethoven. Clinical history and possible diagnoses of the genius of musical composition in silence. Rev Gastroenterol. 2020;85(4):375\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/096777200201000108","volume":"10","author":"M Keynes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keynes\u00a0M. The personality, deafness, and bad health of Ludwig van Beethoven. J\u00a0Med Biogr. 2002;10(1):46\u201357.","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"issue":"8995","key":"1010_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90346-3","volume":"347","author":"AK Kubba","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kubba\u00a0AK, Young\u00a0M. Ludwig van Beethoven: a\u00a0medical biography. Lancet. 1996;347(8995):167\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1010_CR78","first-page":"676","volume":"78","author":"M Landsberger","year":"1978","unstructured":"Landsberger\u00a0M. Beethoven\u2019s medical history from a\u00a0physician\u2019s viewpoint. N\u00a0Y State J Med. 1978;78(4):676\u20139.","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1010_CR79","first-page":"493","volume":"64","author":"E Larkin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Larkin\u00a0E. Beethoven\u2019s illness\u2014a likely diagnosis. Proc R Soc Med. 1971;64(5):493\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1964.00280090128021","volume":"113","author":"SJ London","year":"1964","unstructured":"London\u00a0SJ. Beethoven: case report of a\u00a0titan\u2019s last crisis. Arch Intern Med. 1964;113(3):442\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9003","key":"1010_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90119-1","volume":"347","author":"B L\u00fcderitz","year":"1996","unstructured":"L\u00fcderitz\u00a0B. Beethoven\u2019s final illness. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):766\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR82","first-page":"101","volume":"5","author":"JS Madden","year":"1970","unstructured":"Madden\u00a0JS. Ludwig van Beethoven 1770\u20131827. Alcohol Alcohol. 1970;5(3):101\u20133.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1010_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300702","volume":"113","author":"BF McCabe","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCabe\u00a0BF. Beethoven\u2019s deafness. 1958. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2004;113(7):511\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"1010_CR84","first-page":"563","volume":"30","author":"IK McGill","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGill\u00a0IK, Tertiary Syphilis\u00a0AM. (General Paralysis of the Insane) and Bipolar Disorder; the role of these two disorders in the life of famous composers. Psychiatr Danub. 2018;30(Suppl 7):563\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"1010_CR85","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"J Montes-Santiago","year":"2013","unstructured":"Montes-Santiago\u00a0J. Chapter 9\u2014The lead-poisoned genius: Saturnism in famous artists across five centuries. In: Finger\u00a0S, Zaidel\u00a0DW, Boller\u00a0F, Bogousslavsky\u00a0J, editors. Progress in Brain Research Elsevier; 2013. pp. 223\u201340. (The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience; vol. 203). Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780444627308000098, cited 2022 Apr 10."},{"issue":"230","key":"1010_CR86","first-page":"819","volume":"205","author":"WB Ober","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ober\u00a0WB. Beethoven: a\u00a0medical view. Practitioner. 1970;205(230):819\u201324.","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"issue":"6","key":"1010_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1234-b","volume":"45","author":"A Ohry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ohry\u00a0A. Beethoven\u2019s illness. Neurology. 1995;45(6):1234\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772015575883","volume":"25","author":"SJ Oiseth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oiseth\u00a0SJ. Beethoven\u2019s autopsy revisited: a pathologist sounds a\u00a0final note. J\u00a0Med Biogr. 2017;25(3):139\u201347.","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1010_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689008301015","volume":"83","author":"TG Palferman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Palferman\u00a0TG. Classical notes: Beethoven\u2019s medical history. Variations on a\u00a0rheumatological theme. J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1990;83(10):640\u20135.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR90","first-page":"112","volume":"26","author":"TG Palferman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Palferman\u00a0TG. Beethoven. J\u00a0R Coll Physicians. 1992;26(1):112\u20134.","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209300100108","volume":"1","author":"TG Palferman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Palferman\u00a0TG. Beethoven: a\u00a0medical biography. J\u00a0Med Biogr. 1993;1(1):35\u201345.","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1010_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb02934.x","volume":"33","author":"TG Palferman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Palferman\u00a0TG. Beethoven: medicine, music, and myths. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(9):664\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1010_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20180122","volume":"76","author":"MKF Pedro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pedro\u00a0MKF, Germiniani\u00a0FMB, Teive\u00a0HAG. Neurosyphilis and classical music: the great composers and \u201cThe Great Imitator. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018;76(11):791\u20134.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1010_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002755","volume":"41","author":"A Perciaccante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perciaccante\u00a0A, Coralli\u00a0A, Bauman\u00a0NG. Beethoven: his hearing loss and his hearing aids. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(9):1305\u20138.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1010_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689408701032","volume":"87","author":"M Persey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Persey\u00a0M. Beethoven\u2019s illness. J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1994;87(10):644.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12121","volume":"27","author":"R Raghavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raghavan\u00a0R, Eknoyan\u00a0G. Music, musicians, medicine, and the kidney. Semin Dial. 2014;27(1):50\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"1010_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-021-00833-x","volume":"171","author":"C Reiter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reiter\u00a0C, Prohaska\u00a0T. Beethoven\u2019s death\u2014the result of medical malpractice? Wien Med Wochenschr. 2021;171(15\u201316):356\u201362.","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510360140","volume":"36","author":"A Reuben","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reuben\u00a0A. Out came copious water. Hepatology. 2002;36(1):261\u20134.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1010_CR99","first-page":"722","volume":"87","author":"AJ Richards","year":"1994","unstructured":"Richards\u00a0AJ. Beethoven\u2019s illness. J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1994;87(11):722.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1010_CR100","first-page":"35","volume":"19","author":"KL Roos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roos\u00a0KL. Neurosyphilis in musicians and composers. Semin Neurol. 1999;19(Suppl 1):35\u201340.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1010_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d7589","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d7589","volume":"343","author":"E Saccenti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saccenti\u00a0E, Smilde\u00a0AK, Saris\u00a0WHM. Beethoven\u2019s deafness and his three styles. BMJ. 2011;343:d7589.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1010_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80038-2","volume":"21","author":"A Schwarz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schwarz\u00a0A. Beethoven\u2019s renal disease based on his autopsy: a\u00a0case of papillary necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;21(6):643\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1010_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:87:1-3:001","volume":"87","author":"RJ Shamberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shamberger\u00a0RJ. Validity of hair mineral testing. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002;87(1\u20133):1\u201328.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1010_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689408700515","volume":"87","author":"OP Sharma","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sharma\u00a0OP. Beethoven\u2019s illness: Whipple\u2019s disease rather than sarcoidosis? J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1994;87(5):283\u20135.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1010_CR105","first-page":"370","volume":"11","author":"PD Shearer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shearer\u00a0PD. The deafness of Beethoven: an audiologic and medical overview. Am J Otol. 1990;11(5):370\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170290030006","volume":"213","author":"KM Stevens","year":"1970","unstructured":"Stevens\u00a0KM, Hemenway\u00a0WG. Beethoven\u2019s deafness. JAMA. 1970;213(3):434\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"1010_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24120","volume":"123","author":"MH Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens\u00a0MH, Jacobsen\u00a0T, Crofts\u00a0AK. Lead and the deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(11):2854\u20138.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"8","key":"1010_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06467-w","volume":"278","author":"JP Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas\u00a0JP, Dazert\u00a0S, Prescher\u00a0A, Voelter\u00a0C. Aetiology of Ludwig van Beethoven\u2019s hearing impairment: hypotheses over the past 100\u00a0years\u2014A systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(8):2703\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"9003","key":"1010_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90119-1","volume":"347","author":"A von Herbay","year":"1996","unstructured":"von Herbay\u00a0A, Schuhmacher\u00a0F, Ditton\u00a0HJ, Maiwald\u00a0M. Beethoven\u2019s final illness. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):766.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1010_CR110","first-page":"105","volume":"12","author":"IW Voorhees","year":"1936","unstructured":"Voorhees\u00a0IW. Beethoven, from an otologist\u2019s viewpoint. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1936;12(3):105\u201318.","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"1010_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951521000882","volume":"23","author":"S Wein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wein\u00a0S. What if Beethoven had been given an SSRI with a\u00a0benzodiazepine chaser? Palliat Support Care. 2021;23:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"1010_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689308601124","volume":"86","author":"IE Willetts","year":"1993","unstructured":"Willetts\u00a0IE. Beethoven\u2019s demise. J\u00a0R Soc Med. 1993;86(11):677\u20138.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1010_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.175.5.298","volume":"175","author":"P Wolf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wolf\u00a0P. Creativity and chronic disease Ludwig van Beethoven (1770\u20131827). West J Med. 2001;175(5):298.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"1010_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beethoven\u2019s Deafness. JAMA. 2021 Sep 21;326(11):1075.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18134"},{"key":"1010_CR115","volume-title":"The history of beethoven\u2019s skull fragments. Part one part one","author":"WR Meredith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meredith\u00a0WR, Liebmann\u00a0H, Gomperz\u00a0T, von Breuning\u00a0G, Bankl\u00a0H, Jesserer\u00a0H, et\u00a0al. The history of beethoven\u2019s skull fragments. Part one part one. San Jose: Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies and the American Beethoven Society; 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"1010_CR116","first-page":"25","volume":"30","author":"W Meredith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meredith\u00a0W. The history of \u201cBeethoven\u2019s\u201d skull fragments: part two. Beethoven\u00a0J. 2015;30(1):25\u20139.","journal-title":"Beethoven J"}],"container-title":["Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T11:00:21Z","timestamp":1741863621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01010-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5341","1563-258X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0043-5341"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1563-258X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"D.\u00a0Lee, W.\u00a0Meredith and B.\u00a0Lebwohl declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}