{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T04:05:05Z","timestamp":1747713905992,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Med Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1745491586000},"page":"211-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dystonia: pathophysiology and the role of acupuncture in treatment","Pathophysiologie und Bedeutung von Akupunktur bei der Behandlung der Dystonie"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Kefei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huang","family":"Zhisheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shunzhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1083_CR1","first-page":"1469","volume":"14","author":"J-G Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin\u00a0J\u2011G, Kotha\u00a0P, Chen\u00a0Y\u2011H. Understandings of acupuncture application and mechanisms. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:1469\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"1083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319734","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/319734","volume":"2013","author":"XY Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang\u00a0XY, Shi\u00a0GX, Li\u00a0QQ, Zhang\u00a0ZH, Xu\u00a0Q, Liu\u00a0CZ. Characterization of deqi sensation and acupuncture effect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:319734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/319734.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.11.011","volume":"14","author":"Y Chae","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chae\u00a0Y, Chang\u00a0DS, Lee\u00a0SH, Jung\u00a0WM, Lee\u00a0IS, Jackson\u00a0S, et\u00a0al. Inserting needles into the body: a\u00a0meta-analysis of brain activity associated with acupuncture needle stimulation. J\u00a0Pain. 2013;14:215\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.11.011.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1083_CR4","first-page":"168","volume":"10","author":"NIH Consensus Conference","year":"1999","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Conference. Acununcture. Headache\u00a0Q. 1999;10:168\u20139.","journal-title":"Headache Q"},{"key":"1083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2014.1057","volume":"26","author":"H Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu\u00a0H. Acupoints initiate the healing process. Med Acupunct. 2014;26:264\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/acu.2014.1057.","journal-title":"Med Acupunct"},{"key":"1083_CR6","unstructured":"Zhang X. Acupuncture: review and analysis of reports on controlled clinical trials. World Heal Organ. 2003; 1\u201381."},{"key":"1083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2012.05.001","volume":"5","author":"H MacPherson","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacPherson\u00a0H, Hammerschlag\u00a0R. Acupuncture and the emerging evidence base: contrived controversy and rational debate. JAMS J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2012;5:141\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jams.2012.05.001.","journal-title":"JAMS J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"1083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep006","volume":"7","author":"S Lim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lim\u00a0S. WHO standard acupuncture point locations. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2010;7:167\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecam\/nep006.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1083_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020206","volume":"12","author":"L di Biase","year":"2022","unstructured":"di Biase\u00a0L, Di Santo\u00a0A, Caminiti\u00a0ML, Pecoraro\u00a0PM, Di Lazzaro\u00a0V. Classification of dystonia. Life. 2022;12:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12020206.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"1083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02314-2","volume":"128","author":"K Gr\u00fctz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gr\u00fctz\u00a0K, Klein\u00a0C. Dystonia updates: definition, nomenclature, clinical classification, and etiology. J\u00a0Neural Transm. 2021;128:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02314-2.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290280003001","volume":"51","author":"E Herz","year":"1944","unstructured":"Herz\u00a0E. Dystonia: I.\u00a0historical review; analysis of dystonic symptoms and physiologic mechanisms involved. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1944;51:305\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290280003001.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.001","volume":"46","author":"HA Jinnah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jinnah\u00a0HA, Hess\u00a0EJ. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of dystonia. Park Relat Disord. 2018;46:S62\u2013S5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.001.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13524","volume":"9","author":"A Medina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medina\u00a0A, Nilles\u00a0C, Martino\u00a0D, Pelletier\u00a0C, Pringsheim\u00a0T. The prevalence of idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9:860\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13524.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"1083_CR14","first-page":"101","volume":"94","author":"SB Bressman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bressman\u00a0SB. Dystonia genotypes, phenotypes, and classification. Adv Neurol. 2004;94:101\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03049.x","volume":"17","author":"F Asmus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asmus\u00a0F, Gasser\u00a0T. Dystonia-plus syndromes. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03049.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp213","volume":"132","author":"A Quartarone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quartarone\u00a0A, Rizzo\u00a0V, Terranova\u00a0C, Morgante\u00a0F, Schneider\u00a0S, Ibrahim\u00a0N, et\u00a0al. Abnormal sensorimotor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia. Brain. 2009;132:2871\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp213.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1083_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq050","volume":"133","author":"AG Munts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Munts\u00a0AG, Koehler\u00a0PJ. How psychogenic is dystonia views from past to present. Brain. 2010;133:1552\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq050.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh262","volume":"127","author":"A Schrag","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schrag\u00a0A, Trimble\u00a0M, Quinn\u00a0N, Bhatia\u00a0K. The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain. 2004;127:2360\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh262.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21801","volume":"23","author":"L Avanzino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avanzino\u00a0L, Martino\u00a0D, van de Warrenburg\u00a0BPC, Schneider\u00a0SA, Abbruzzese\u00a0G, Defazio\u00a0G, et\u00a0al. Cortical excitability is abnormal in patients with the \u201cfixed dystonia\u201d syndrome. Mov Disord. 2008;23:646\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21801.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0220-2","volume":"116","author":"MA Van Rijn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Rijn\u00a0MA, Van Hilten\u00a0JJ, Van Dijk\u00a0JG. Spatiotemporal integration of sensory stimuli in complex regional pain syndrome and dystonia. J\u00a0Neural Transm. 2009;116:559\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-009-0220-2.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1083_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2020.0058","volume":"54","author":"T Shukla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shukla\u00a0T, Pandey\u00a0S. Stereotypies in adults: a\u00a0systematic review. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2020;54:294\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/PJNNS.a2020.0058.","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"1083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1236","volume":"16","author":"A M\u00fcnchau","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fcnchau\u00a0A, Filipovic\u00a0SR, Oester-Barkey\u00a0A, Quinn\u00a0NP, Rothwell\u00a0JC, Bhatia\u00a0KP. Spontaneously changing muscular activation pattern in patients with cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2001;16:1091\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.1236.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.06.004","volume":"16","author":"FM Maia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maia\u00a0FM, Kanashiro\u00a0AK, Chien\u00a0HF, Gon\u00e7alves\u00a0LR, Barbosa\u00a0ER. Clinical changes of cervical dystonia pattern in long-term botulinum toxin treated patients. Park Relat Disord. 2010;16:8\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.06.004.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1444.012","volume":"1142","author":"D Torres-Russotto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torres-Russotto\u00a0D, Perlmutter\u00a0JS. Task-specific dystonias: a\u00a0review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1142:179\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1444.012.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380603","volume":"38","author":"R Kaji","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaji\u00a0R, Shibasaki\u00a0H, Kimura\u00a0J. Writer\u2019s cramp: a\u00a0disorder of motor subroutine? Ann Neurol. 1995;38:837\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410380603.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22406","volume":"24","author":"F Asmus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asmus\u00a0F, von Coelln\u00a0R, Boertlein\u00a0A, Gasser\u00a0T, Mueller\u00a0J. Reverse sensory geste in cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2009;24:297\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22406.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23011","volume":"25","author":"D Martino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martino\u00a0D, Liuzzi\u00a0D, Macerollo\u00a0A, Aniello\u00a0MS, Livrea\u00a0P, Defazio\u00a0G. The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia. Mov Disord. 2010;25:407\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23011.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13505","volume":"9","author":"R Newby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newby\u00a0R, Muhamed\u00a0S, Alty\u00a0J, Cosgrove\u00a0J, Jamieson\u00a0S, Smith\u00a0S, et\u00a0al. Geste antagoniste effects on motor performance in dystonia\u2014a kinematic study. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9:759\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13505.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"1083_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.024","volume":"266","author":"O Sitburana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sitburana\u00a0O, Jankovic\u00a0J. Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystonia and motor overflow. J\u00a0Neurol Sci. 2008;266:31\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.024.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1083_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.05.003","volume":"15","author":"O Sitburana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sitburana\u00a0O, Chen Wu\u00a0LJ, Sheffield\u00a0JK, Davidson\u00a0A, Jankovic\u00a0J. Motor overflow and mirror dystonia. Park Relat Disord. 2009;15:758\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.05.003.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00649","volume":"8","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoshida\u00a0K. Clinical and phenomenological characteristics of patients with task-specific lingual dystonia: possible association with occupation. Front Neurol. 2017;8:649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00649.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1379","volume":"58","author":"E Cubo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cubo\u00a0E, Gracies\u00a0JM, Benabou\u00a0R, Olanow\u00a0CW, Raman\u00a0R, Leurgans\u00a0S, et\u00a0al. Early morning off-medication dyskinesias, dystonia, and choreic subtypes. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1379\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1379.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.12.032","volume":"77","author":"JN Maharaj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maharaj\u00a0JN, Barber\u00a0L, Walsh\u00a0HPJ, Carty\u00a0CP. Flip-flops do not alter the neuromuscular function of the gastrocnemius muscle and tendon during walking in children. Gait Posture. 2020;77:83\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.12.032.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"1083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0606-4","volume":"176","author":"N Malfait","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malfait\u00a0N, Sanger\u00a0TD. Does dystonia always include co-contraction?a\u00a0study of unconstrained reaching in children with primary and secondary dystonia. Exp Brain Res. 2007;176:206\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-006-0606-4.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1083_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309040","volume":"86","author":"A Macerollo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macerollo\u00a0A, Batla\u00a0A, Kassavetis\u00a0P, Parees\u00a0I, Bhatia\u00a0KP, Edwards\u00a0MJ. Using reaction time and co-contraction to differentiate acquired (secondary) from functional \u201cfixed\u201d dystonia. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:933\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309040.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1083_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25165","volume":"125","author":"CF Sinclair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinclair\u00a0CF, Simonyan\u00a0K, Brin\u00a0MF, Blitzer\u00a0A. Negative dystonia of the palate: a\u00a0novel entity and diagnostic consideration in hypernasal speech. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1426\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25165.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1083_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0023-6","volume":"4","author":"B Balint","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balint\u00a0B, Mencacci\u00a0NE, Valente\u00a0EM, Pisani\u00a0A, Rothwell\u00a0J, Jankovic\u00a0J, et\u00a0al. Dystonia. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-018-0023-6.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"1083_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000811","volume":"32","author":"JP Drain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drain\u00a0JP, Virk\u00a0SS, Jain\u00a0N, Yu\u00a0E. Dropped head syndrome: a\u00a0systematic review. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32:423\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000811.","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"1083_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000092","volume":"38","author":"SF Michel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michel\u00a0SF, Oscar\u00a0AC, Correa\u00a0TES, Alejandro\u00a0PL, Micheli\u00a0F. Pisa syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38:135\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000092.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000453","volume":"8","author":"F Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali\u00a0F, Matsumoto\u00a0JY, Hassan\u00a0A. Camptocormia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment response. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018;8:240\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000453.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"1083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_242_21","volume":"25","author":"U Saraf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saraf\u00a0U, Chandarana\u00a0M, Divya\u00a0KP, Krishnan\u00a0S. Oromandibular dystonia\u2014a systematic review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2022;25:26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_242_21.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25552","volume":"28","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jankovic\u00a0J. Medical treatment of dystonia. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1001\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25552.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70183-8","volume":"8","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jankovic\u00a0J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:844\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70183-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR44","series-title":"Neurol. hosp.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969630.003.0021","volume-title":"Dystonic reactions","author":"D Likosky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Likosky\u00a0D, Josephson\u00a0SA, Pistoria\u00a0MJ, Freeman\u00a0WD. Dystonic reactions. Neurol. hosp.. Treasure Island (FL): Oxford University Press; 2014. pp.\u00a0141\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780199969630.003.0021."},{"key":"1083_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00845.x","volume":"11","author":"Y Balash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Balash\u00a0Y, Giladi\u00a0N. Efficacy of pharmacological treatment of dystonia: evidence-based review including meta-analysis of the effect of botulinum toxin and other cure options. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11:361\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00845.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130612","volume":"13","author":"S Ohara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ohara\u00a0S, Hayashi\u00a0R, Momoi\u00a0H, Miki\u00a0J, Yanagisawa\u00a0N. Mexiletine in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 1998;13:934\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870130612.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<173::AID-MDS1035>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"14","author":"S Ohara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ohara\u00a0S, Tsuyuzaki\u00a0J, Hayashi\u00a0R. Mexiletine in the treatment of blepharospasm: experience with the first three patients. Mov Disord. 1999;14:173\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1%3C173::AID-MDS1035%3E3.0.CO;2-X.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200007000-00003","volume":"23","author":"C Lucetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucetti\u00a0C, Nuti\u00a0A, Gambaccini\u00a0G, Bernardini\u00a0S, Brotini\u00a0S, Manca\u00a0ML, et\u00a0al. Mexiletine in the treatment of torticollis and generalized dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:186\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002826-200007000-00003.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1083_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02266-z","volume":"128","author":"D Dressler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dressler\u00a0D, Adib Saberi\u00a0F, Rosales\u00a0RL. Botulinum toxin therapy of dystonia. J\u00a0Neural Transm. 2021;128:531\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02266-z.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1083_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2019_339","volume":"263","author":"A Berardelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berardelli\u00a0A, Conte\u00a0A. The use of botulinum toxin for treatment of the dystonias. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2021;263:107\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2019_339.","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"1083_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.10.PEDS0847","volume":"3","author":"AL Albright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albright\u00a0AL, Ferson\u00a0SS. Intraventricular baclofen for dystonia: techniques and outcomes\u2014clinical article. J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;3:11\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2008.10.PEDS0847.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1083_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690701544002","volume":"21","author":"L Yap","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yap\u00a0L, Kouyialis\u00a0A, Varma\u00a0TRK. Stereotactic neurosurgery for disabling tremor in multiple sclerosis: thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation? Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21:349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688690701544002.","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1083_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000120426","volume":"86","author":"AK Hooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hooper\u00a0AK, Okun\u00a0MS, Foote\u00a0KD, Fernandez\u00a0HH, Jacobson\u00a0C, Zeilman\u00a0P, et\u00a0al. Clinical cases where lesion therapy was chosen over deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2008;86:147\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120426.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1083_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1173","volume":"49","author":"S Goto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goto\u00a0S, Tsuiki\u00a0H, Soyama\u00a0N, Okamura\u00a0A, Yamada\u00a0K, Yoshikawa\u00a0M, et\u00a0al. Stereotactic selective vo-complex thalamotomy in a\u00a0patient with dystonic writer\u2019s cramp. Neurology. 1997;49:1173\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1173.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1083_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000075165","volume":"80","author":"T Taira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taira\u00a0T, Hori\u00a0T. Stereotactic ventrooralis thalamotomy for task-specific focal hand dystonia (writer\u2019s cramp). Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2003;80:88\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000075165.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1083_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000075166","volume":"80","author":"T Taira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taira\u00a0T, Hori\u00a0T. A\u00a0novel denervation procedure for idiopathic cervical dystonia. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2003;80:92\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000075166.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1083_CR57","first-page":"19","volume":"94","author":"NN Byl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Byl\u00a0NN. Focal hand dystonia may result from aberrant neuroplasticity. Adv Neurol. 2004;94:19\u201328.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-2008-23105","volume":"23","author":"KE Zeuner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeuner\u00a0KE, Molloy\u00a0FM. Abnormal reorganization in focal hand dystonia\u2014sensory and motor training programs to retrain cortical function. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008;23:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-2008-23105.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"1083_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000544","volume":"30","author":"SL Kaplan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaplan\u00a0SL, Coulter\u00a0C, Sargent\u00a0B. Physical therapy management of congenital muscular torticollis: a\u00a02018 evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the APTA academy of pediatric physical therapy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2018;30:240\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000544.","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"1083_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.3852","volume":"73","author":"A Bashir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bashir\u00a0A, Amjad\u00a0F, Ahmad\u00a0A, Arooj\u00a0A, Gilani\u00a0SA. Effect of physical therapy treatment in infants treated for congenital muscular torticollis\u2014a\u00a0narrative review. J\u00a0Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73:111\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47391\/JPMA.3852.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"1083_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8136-x","volume":"263","author":"HA Jinnah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jinnah\u00a0HA, Goodmann\u00a0E, Rosen\u00a0AR, Evatt\u00a0M, Freeman\u00a0A, Factor\u00a0S. Botulinum toxin treatment failures in cervical dystonia: causes, management, and outcomes. J\u00a0Neurol. 2016;263:1188\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-016-8136-x.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22683","volume":"24","author":"WC LaFrance","year":"2009","unstructured":"LaFrance\u00a0WC, Friedman\u00a0JH. Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic movement disorder. Mov Disord. 2009;24:1856\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22683.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d156b1","volume":"24","author":"S Ahmedov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahmedov\u00a0S. Ergogenic effect of acupuncture in sport and exercise: a\u00a0brief review. J\u00a0Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1421\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d156b1.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1083_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S424102","volume":"19","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang\u00a0X, Teh\u00a0SH, Du\u00a0XG, Wang\u00a0XH. Acupuncture and tuina treatment for gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a\u00a0monocentric clinical study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:1875\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S424102.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1083_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992753","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1992753","volume":"2021","author":"S Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou\u00a0S, Wang\u00a0IL, Chen\u00a0YM, Hu\u00a0R, Su\u00a0Y, Shen\u00a0JY, et\u00a0al. Effects of traditional chinese acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture on the explosive force production by the forearm muscles in female: a\u00a0randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:1992753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1992753.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1083_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1510-y","volume":"110","author":"M H\u00fcbscher","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00fcbscher\u00a0M, Vogt\u00a0L, Ziebart\u00a0T, Banzer\u00a0W. Immediate effects of acupuncture on strength performance: a\u00a0randomized, controlled crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110:353\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-010-1510-y.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1083_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4662788","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4662788","volume":"2023","author":"Y Yuanjie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuanjie\u00a0Y, Jianyi\u00a0X, Jinyan\u00a0X, Mao\u00a0H, Siyang\u00a0Y, Zhenjin\u00a0Y. Acupuncture in the treatment of abnormal muscle tone in children with cerebral palsy: a\u00a0meta-analysis. Behav Neurol. 2023;2023:4662788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4662788.","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00944-0","volume":"17","author":"IO Bledsoe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bledsoe\u00a0IO, Viser\u00a0AC, San Luciano\u00a0M. Treatment ofdystonia: medications, neurotoxins, neuromodulation, and rehabilitation. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17:1622\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-020-00944-0.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1083_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6270","volume":"46","author":"J Cox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cox\u00a0J, Varatharajan\u00a0S, C\u00f4t\u00e9\u00a0P. Effectiveness of acupuncture therapies to manage musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities: a\u00a0systematic review. J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:409\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2016.6270.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1083_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E33403","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033403","volume":"102","author":"Y Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen\u00a0Y, Hu\u00a0L, Ge\u00a0J, Li\u00a0L. Effect of electroacupuncture treatment combined with rehabilitation care on serum sirt3 level and motor function in elderly patients with stroke hemiparesis. Med. 2023;102:E33403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000033403.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"1083_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839470","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/839470","volume":"2015","author":"MY Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo\u00a0MY, Ong\u00a0MW, Chen\u00a0WY, Sun\u00a0WZ, Lin\u00a0JG. The effects of acupuncture on cerebral and muscular microcirculation: a\u00a0systematic review of near-infrared spectroscopy studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:839470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/839470.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1083_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.12.020","volume":"90","author":"LW Chou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chou\u00a0LW, Hsieh\u00a0YL, Kao\u00a0MJ, Hong\u00a0CZ. Remote influences of acupuncture on the pain intensity and the amplitude changes of endplate noise in the myofascial trigger point of the upper trapezius muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:905\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.12.020.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1083_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00057.2006","volume":"30","author":"Y Takaoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takaoka\u00a0Y, Ohta\u00a0M, Ito\u00a0A, Takamatsu\u00a0K, Sugano\u00a0A, Funakoshi\u00a0K, et\u00a0al. Electroacupuncture suppresses myostatin gene expression: cell proliferative reaction in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics. 2007;30:102\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00057.2006.","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"1083_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.45.337","volume":"45","author":"Y Sugiyama","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sugiyama\u00a0Y, Xue\u00a0YX, Mano\u00a0T. Transient increase in human muscle sympathetic nerve activity during manual acupuncture. Jpn J Physiol. 1995;45:337\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2170\/jjphysiol.45.337.","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"key":"1083_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tre-02-42","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.110","volume":"2","author":"S Bansil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bansil\u00a0S, Prakash\u00a0N, Kaye\u00a0J, Wrigley\u00a0S, Manata\u00a0C, Stevens-Haas\u00a0C, et\u00a0al. Movement disorders after stroke in adults: a\u00a0review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2012;2:tre-02-42\u2013195\u20111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/tohm.110.","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"1083_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.012","volume":"130","author":"C Trompetto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trompetto\u00a0C, Curr\u00e0\u00a0A, Puce\u00a0L, Mori\u00a0L, Serrati\u00a0C, Fattapposta\u00a0F, et\u00a0al. Spastic dystonia in stroke subjects: prevalence and features of the neglected phenomenon of the upper motor neuron syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130:521\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.012.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1083_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.028","volume":"27","author":"R Suri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suri\u00a0R, Rodriguez-Porcel\u00a0F, Donohue\u00a0K, Jesse\u00a0E, Lovera\u00a0L, Dwivedi\u00a0AK, et\u00a0al. Post-stroke movement disorders: the clinical, neuroanatomic, and demographic portrait of 284 published cases. J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:2388\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.028.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1083_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17272","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17272","volume":"13","author":"YA Roman Casul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roman Casul\u00a0YA, Humbert\u00a0ML, Farooqui\u00a0A, Wagle Shukla\u00a0A, Nagaraja\u00a0N. Dystonia as a\u00a0presenting feature of acute ischemic stroke: a\u00a0case report and literature review. Cureus. 2021;13:e17272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.17272.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1083_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.314574","volume":"69","author":"P Tater","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tater\u00a0P, Pandey\u00a0S. Post-stroke movement disorders: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, and management. Neurol India. 2021;69:272\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.314574.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1083_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154297","volume":"104","author":"S Birch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birch\u00a0S, Robinson\u00a0N. Acupuncture as a\u00a0post-stroke treatment option: a\u00a0narrative review of clinical guideline recommendations. Phytomedicine. 2022;104:154297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154297.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1083_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00008-0","volume":"111","author":"X Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li\u00a0X, Wang\u00a0Q. Acupuncture therapy for stroke patients. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;111:159\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00008-0.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1083_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn131148-20210331-00223","volume":"30","author":"L Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie\u00a0L, Hu\u00a0P, Xu\u00a0R, Li\u00a0H, Liu\u00a0W, Xiao\u00a0X, et\u00a0al. The clinical application of sound touch elastography in acupuncture treatment of stroke patients with upper limb spasm. Chinese J Ultrason. 2021;30:812\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn131148-20210331-00223.","journal-title":"Chinese J Ultrason"},{"key":"1083_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E20368","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020368","volume":"99","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang\u00a0Q, Wang\u00a0Y, Ji\u00a0G, Cao\u00a0F, Hu\u00a0G, Cong\u00a0D, et\u00a0al. Standardization of rehabilitation program for post-apoplectic limb spasm treated by tongjing tiaoxing tuina and scalp acupuncture with physical therapy. Med. 2020;99:E20368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000020368.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"1083_CR84","first-page":"399","volume":"33","author":"S Tong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tong\u00a0S, Su\u00a0L, L\u00fc\u00a0HB, Liu\u00a0JQ. Observation on the efficacy of acupuncture at key acupoints combined with rehabilitation therapy for spasmodic hemiplegia after cerebral infarction. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2013;33:399\u2013402.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"1083_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1242.2010.06.004","volume":"25","author":"P Dong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dong\u00a0P, Cui\u00a0F, Tan\u00a0Z. A\u00a0research of functional magnetic resonance imaging on the effects of acupuncture on brain reorganization in cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia at spasm stage. Chinese J Rehabil Med. 2010;25:507\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1242.2010.06.004.","journal-title":"Chinese J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1083_CR86","first-page":"129","volume":"9","author":"L Fan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fan\u00a0L, Zhu\u00a0XP, Meng\u00a0CR, Wen\u00a0X. Acupuncture applied on the deltoid muscle and musculus triceps brachii for upper limb muscle spasm in patients with cerebral infarction: comparison with the acupuncture at yang channel point. Chinese J Clin Rehabil. 2005;9:129\u201331.","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1083_CR87","first-page":"136","volume":"7","author":"Y Qu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Qu\u00a0Y, Sheng\u00a0M, Jiang\u00a0Y, Xiong\u00a0S, He\u00a0C, Luo\u00a0Z. Rehabilitation therapy centralized on facilitation and acupuncture on upper extremities spasm after stroke. Chinese J Clin Rehabil. 2003;7:136.","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1083_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15921","volume":"66","author":"D Fehlings","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fehlings\u00a0D, Agnew\u00a0B, Gimeno\u00a0H, Harvey\u00a0A, Himmelmann\u00a0K, Lin\u00a0JP, et\u00a0al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical management of cerebral palsy and dystonia: clinical practice guideline update. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024;66:1133\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15921.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.03.005","volume":"32","author":"I Papadimitriou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papadimitriou\u00a0I, Dalivigka\u00a0Z, Outsika\u00a0C, Scarmeas\u00a0N, Pons\u00a0R. Dystonia assessment in children with cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2021;32:8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.03.005.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15730","volume":"66","author":"H Dar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dar\u00a0H, Stewart\u00a0K, McIntyre\u00a0S, Paget\u00a0S. Multiple motor disorders in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024;66:317\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15730.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15300","volume":"65","author":"K Ueda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ueda\u00a0K, Aravamuthan\u00a0BR, Pearson\u00a0TS. Dystonia in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy and isolated periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2023;65:94\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15300.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13502","volume":"59","author":"J Rice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rice\u00a0J, Skuza\u00a0P, Baker\u00a0F, Russo\u00a0R, Fehlings\u00a0D. Identification and measurement of dystonia in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59:1249\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.13502.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2022.05.001","volume":"32","author":"P Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang\u00a0P, Chen\u00a0HZ, Li\u00a0LY, Yang\u00a0J, Yang\u00a0WM, Wang\u00a0P. Acupuncture for dystonia in brain-type wilson\u2019s disease with internal retention of damp heat pattern: a\u00a0randomized clinical trail. World J Acupunct\u2014Moxibustion. 2022;32:193\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wjam.2022.05.001.","journal-title":"World J Acupunct\u2014Moxibustion"},{"key":"1083_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1242.2022.02.009","volume":"37","author":"W Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen\u00a0W, Liu\u00a0C, Chen\u00a0X. Clinical observation of trigger point acupuncture combined with lower limb robot training on hamstring spasm in children with cerebral palsy. Chinese J Rehabil Med. 2022;37:195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1242.2022.02.009.","journal-title":"Chinese J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1083_CR95","first-page":"217","volume":"35","author":"B Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin\u00a0B, Zhao\u00a0Y, Li\u00a0N. Impacts on adductor muscle tension in children of spasmodic cerebral palsy treated with acupuncture at the three-spasm-needle therapy. Chin Acupunct Moxibustion. 2015;35:217\u201320.","journal-title":"Chin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"1083_CR96","first-page":"6666","volume":"8","author":"SP Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu\u00a0SP, Jiang\u00a0GM, Zou\u00a0YQ, Liu\u00a0YF. Combination treatment of acupuncture and manipulation and passive stretching exercise on spasm cerebral palsy in children with different syndromes. Chinese J Clin Rehabil. 2004;8:6666\u20138.","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1083_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03046.x","volume":"17","author":"C Pont-Sunyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pont-Sunyer\u00a0C, Mart\u00ed\u00a0MJ, Tolosa\u00a0E. Focal limb dystonia. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:22\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03046.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2598-6","volume":"37","author":"D Liuzzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liuzzi\u00a0D, Gigante\u00a0AF, Leo\u00a0A, Defazio\u00a0G. The anatomical basis of upper limb dystonia: lesson from secondary cases. Neurol Sci. 2016;37:1393\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-016-2598-6.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1083_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28223","volume":"35","author":"SA Norris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Norris\u00a0SA, Jinnah\u00a0HA, Klein\u00a0C, Jankovic\u00a0J, Berman\u00a0BD, Roze\u00a0E, et\u00a0al. Clinical and demographic characteristics of upper limb Dystonia. Mov Disord. 2020;35:2086\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28223.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.09.001","volume":"33","author":"D Torres-Russotto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torres-Russotto\u00a0D, Perlmutter\u00a0JS. Focal dystonias of the hand and upper extremity. J\u00a0Hand Surg Am. 2008;33:1657\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.09.001.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"1083_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20794","volume":"21","author":"SA Schneider","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schneider\u00a0SA, Edwards\u00a0MJ, Grill\u00a0SE, Goldstein\u00a0S, Kanchana\u00a0S, Quinn\u00a0NP, et\u00a0al. Adult-onset primary lower limb dystonia. Mov Disord. 2006;21:767\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20794.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02781.x","volume":"17","author":"D Martino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martino\u00a0D, MacErollo\u00a0A, Abbruzzese\u00a0G, Bentivoglio\u00a0AR, Berardelli\u00a0A, Esposito\u00a0M, et\u00a0al. Lower limb involvement in adult-onset primary dystonia: frequency and clinical features. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:242\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02781.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162168","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1162168","volume":"14","author":"Z Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu\u00a0Z, Yang\u00a0X, Qin\u00a0F, Ma\u00a0T, Zhang\u00a0J, Leng\u00a0X, et\u00a0al. Effects of acupuncture synchronized rehabilitation therapy on upper limb motor and sensory function after stroke: a\u00a0study protocol for a\u00a0single-center, 2\u00a0\u00d7 2 factorial design, randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1162168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1162168.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR104","first-page":"473","volume":"30","author":"WW Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0WW, Li\u00a0N. Acupuncture for the lower extremity spasm induced by spinal injury: random controlled trial of single case. Chin Acupunct Moxibustion. 2010;30:473\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"1083_CR105","first-page":"725","volume":"26","author":"T Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan\u00a0T, Wang\u00a0SC, Zhang\u00a0GJ. Effect of acupuncture and massage at tendon on F\u2011wave of electromyogram in the patient of flexor spasm of the upper limb after operation of cervical spondylosis. Chin Acupunct Moxibustion. 2006;26:725\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"1083_CR106","first-page":"244","volume":"9","author":"ZH Yue","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yue\u00a0ZH, Yuan\u00a0JL, Jiang\u00a0JM. Evaluation with isodynamic time-measuring method and acupuncture treatment with muscle-region needling for limb spasm. Chinese J Clin Rehabil. 2005;9:244\u20136.","journal-title":"Chinese J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1083_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13376","volume":"9","author":"G Kilic-Berkmen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kilic-Berkmen\u00a0G, Pirio Richardson\u00a0S, Perlmutter\u00a0JS, Hallett\u00a0M, Klein\u00a0C, Wagle-Shukla\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. Current guidelines for classifying and diagnosing cervical dystonia: empirical evidence and recommendations. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9:183\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13376.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"1083_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.170","volume":"3","author":"G Defazio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Defazio\u00a0G, Jankovic\u00a0J, Giel\u00a0JL, Papapetropoulos\u00a0S. Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2013;3:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/tohm.170.","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"1083_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/817426","volume":"26","author":"S Patel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patel\u00a0S, Martino\u00a0D. Cervical dystonia: from pathophysiology to pharmacotherapy. Behav Neurol. 2013;26:275\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/817426.","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_27_20","volume":"23","author":"S Ray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ray\u00a0S, Pal\u00a0PK, Yadav\u00a0R. Non-motor symptoms in cervical dystonia: a\u00a0review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23:449\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.AIAN_27_20.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"1083_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-016-0634-1","volume":"116","author":"S Tomic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomic\u00a0S, Petkovic\u00a0I, Pucic\u00a0T, Resan\u00a0B, Juric\u00a0S, Rotim\u00a0T. Cervical dystonia and quality of life. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016;116:589\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-016-0634-1.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"1083_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106958","volume":"123","author":"M Thayani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thayani\u00a0M, Jinnah\u00a0HA. Can symptoms or signs of cervical dystonia occur without abnormal movements of the head or neck? Park Relat Disord. 2024;123:106958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106958.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002560","volume":"86","author":"DM Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson\u00a0DM, Hallett\u00a0M, Ashman\u00a0EJ, Comella\u00a0CL, Green\u00a0MW, Gronseth\u00a0GS, et\u00a0al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache report of the guideline development subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology. 2016;86:1818\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002560.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1083_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2020.100063","volume":"3","author":"RM Trosch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trosch\u00a0RM, Misra\u00a0VP, Maisonobe\u00a0P, Om\u00a0S. Impact of abobotulinumtoxina on the clinical features of cervical dystonia in routine practice. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2020;3:100063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2020.100063.","journal-title":"Clin Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1083_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2019_315","volume":"263","author":"S Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li\u00a0S, Francisco\u00a0GE. The use of botulinum toxin for treatment of spasticity. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2021;263:127\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2019_315.","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"1083_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003633","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003633.pub4","volume":"2020","author":"FB Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues\u00a0FB, Duarte\u00a0GS, Marques\u00a0RE, Castel\u00e3o\u00a0M, Ferreira\u00a0J, Sampaio\u00a0C, et\u00a0al. Botulinum toxin type\u00a0a therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020:CD3633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003633.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1083_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i1.204","volume":"12","author":"Y-T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang\u00a0Y\u2011T, Zhang\u00a0J\u2011J, Zha\u00a0B\u2011X, Fan\u00a0Y\u2011Q, Xu\u00a0Y\u2011B, Yang\u00a0J, et\u00a0al. Acupuncture for cervical dystonia associated with anxiety and depression: a\u00a0case report. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12:204\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i1.204.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"1083_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2018.1291","volume":"30","author":"D Bega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bega\u00a0D, Park\u00a0K, Grimone\u00a0A, Lin\u00a0F, Ring\u00a0M. Acupuncture as adjuvant therapy for the management of cervical dystonia. Med Acupunct. 2018;30:198\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/acu.2018.1291.","journal-title":"Med Acupunct"},{"key":"1083_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-5257(17)30112-5","volume":"27","author":"H Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu\u00a0H, Zhang\u00a0CH, Sheng\u00a0RY, Gan\u00a0YY, DINGS\u00a0SJ, WU\u00a0MX, et\u00a0al. Acupuncture for 40\u00a0cases of spasmodic torticollis. World J Acupunct\u2014Moxibustion. 2017;27:11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1003-5257(17)30112-5.","journal-title":"World J Acupunct\u2014Moxibustion"},{"key":"1083_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.2009.002048","volume":"28","author":"R Deepak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deepak\u00a0R, Mathew\u00a0H, Koshy\u00a0M. Effectiveness of acupuncture in cervical dystonia. Acupunct Med. 2010;28:94\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/aim.2009.002048.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"1083_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00743-7","volume":"18","author":"M Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu\u00a0M, Yang\u00a0C, Nian\u00a0T, Tian\u00a0C, Zhou\u00a0L, Wu\u00a0Y, et\u00a0al. Adverse effects associated with acupuncture therapies: an evidence mapping from 535 systematic reviews. Chin Med. 2023;18:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-023-00743-7.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"1083_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581203","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/581203","volume":"2013","author":"S Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu\u00a0S, Wang\u00a0L, Cooper\u00a0E, Zhang\u00a0M, Manheimer\u00a0E, Berman\u00a0B, et\u00a0al. Adverse events of acupuncture: a\u00a0systematic review of case reports. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:581203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/581203.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1083_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e045961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045961","volume":"11","author":"P B\u00e4umler","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00e4umler\u00a0P, Zhang\u00a0W, St\u00fcbinger\u00a0T, Irnich\u00a0D. Acupuncture-related adverse events: systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective clinical studies. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e45961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045961.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1083_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.076737","volume":"88","author":"J Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang\u00a0J, Shang\u00a0H, Gao\u00a0X, Ernst\u00a0E. Acupuncture-related adverse events: a\u00a0systematic review of the chinese literature. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:915\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.10.076737.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T12:25:11Z","timestamp":1747657511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10354-025-01083-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5341","1563-258X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0043-5341"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1563-258X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"W.\u00a0Kefei, H.\u00a0Zhisheng, Y.\u00a0Shunzhen, and Y.\u00a0Yin declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}