{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:14:50Z","timestamp":1792782890527,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032000t02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Med Wochenschr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Uterus transplantation (UTx) represents an emerging therapeutic option for women with absolute uterine-factor infertility (AUFI) and raises complex ethical questions as a\u00a0non-life-saving intervention. This study presents an ethical analysis based on the four principles of Beauchamp and Childress\u2014autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and social justice\u2014and is grounded in a\u00a0structured narrative literature review of current medical and ethical publications, drawing on the German legal context as an illustrative example. Uterus transplantation demonstrates potential benefits, particularly in terms of improving quality of life and enabling affected women to experience pregnancy and childbirth. However, significant ethical concerns arise, especially regarding the risks for donors, recipients, and offspring, as well as issues of equitable access and resource allocation. Living donation, in particular, presents ethical challenges due to the exposure of healthy individuals to surgical risks. Uterus transplantation may be considered conditionally justifiable, particularly when autonomy and beneficence are fulfilled, and provided that it is performed within controlled clinical trials and that deceased donation is preferred over living donation. Nevertheless, substantial concerns remain regarding non-maleficence and social justice. Therefore, UTx should not yet be regarded as a\u00a0standard treatment; further research, especially long-term outcome studies, which are currently lacking, and a\u00a0revision of the Montreal criteria are required before it can be established more broadly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:52:09Z","timestamp":1790592729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uterus transplantation: an ethical analysis","Uterustransplantation: eine ethische Analyse"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6754-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Kittel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8108-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Steger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15856","volume":"126","author":"LR Goodman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodman\u00a0LR. Uterine transplant: from imagination to implementation. BJOG. 2019;126(11):1327.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"1191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/17.3.475","volume":"17","author":"S Stefoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stefoni\u00a0S, Campieri\u00a0C, Donati\u00a0G, Orlandi\u00a0V. The history of clinical renal transplant. J\u00a0Nephrol. 2004;17(3):475\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00597-5","volume":"76","author":"W Fageeh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fageeh\u00a0W, Raffa\u00a0H, Jabbad\u00a0H, Marzouki\u00a0A. Transplantation of the human uterus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;76(3):245\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.03.004","volume":"100","author":"I Kisu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kisu\u00a0I, Banno\u00a0K, Mihara\u00a0M, Suganuma\u00a0N, Aoki\u00a0D. Current status of uterus transplantation in primates and issues for clinical application. Fertil Steril. 2013;100(1):280\u201394.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"1191_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.02.024","volume":"101","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Johannesson\u00a0L, Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Enskog\u00a0A, M\u00f6lne\u00a0J, Kvarnstr\u00f6m\u00a0N, et\u00a0al. First clinical uterus transplantation trial: a\u00a0six-month report. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(5):1228\u201336.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-016-0033-5","volume":"55","author":"L Hirner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hirner\u00a0L. Erste Geburt nach erfolgreicher Uterustransplantation. Der Urologe. 2016;55(2):245.","journal-title":"Der Urologe"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01491-9","volume":"15","author":"MK Herlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herlin\u00a0MK, Petersen\u00a0MB, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: a\u00a0comprehensive update. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;15(1)214.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.04.001","volume":"106","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Bokstr\u00f6m\u00a0H, Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Diaz-Garcia\u00a0C, Ekberg\u00a0J, Enskog\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. One uterus bridging three generations: first live birth after mother-to-daughter uterus transplantation. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(2):261\u20136.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deag017","volume":"41","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2026","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Racowsky\u00a0C, Wiik\u00a0J, Tullius\u00a0SG, Deans\u00a0R, Porrett\u00a0PM, et\u00a0al. Second report of registry of the International Society of Uterus Transplantation (ISUTx): international activities 2000-2024. Hum Reprod. 2026;41(4):541\u201351.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12636","volume":"24","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2025","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Milenkovic\u00a0M, Tsakos\u00a0E. Uterus transplantation: A\u00a0clinical breakthrough after systematic preclinical research. Reprod Med Biol. 2025;24(1)e12636.","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR11","volume":"13","author":"I Malasevskaia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malasevskaia\u00a0I, Al-Awadhi\u00a0AA. A New Approach for Treatment of Woman With Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility: A Traditional Review of Safety and Efficacy Outcomes in the First 65 Recipients of Uterus Transplantation. Cureus. 2021;13(1)e12772.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz022","volume":"131","author":"L O\u2019Donovan","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan\u00a0L, Williams\u00a0NJ, Wilkinson\u00a0S. Ethical and policy issues raised by uterus transplants. Br Med Bull. 2019;131(1):19\u201328.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00481-019-00519-4","volume":"31","author":"C Bozzaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bozzaro\u00a0C, Krause\u00a0F, Weismann\u00a0M. Uterustransplantation. Ethisch gerechtfertigt? Ethik in der Medizin. 2019;31(2):113\u201329.","journal-title":"Ethik in der Medizin"},{"issue":"8","key":"1191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001470","volume":"110","author":"T Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu\u00a0T, Wu\u00a0Y, Nie\u00a0K, Yan\u00a0J, Chen\u00a0Y, Wang\u00a0S, et\u00a0al. Bibliometric analysis and global trends in uterus transplantation. Int J Surg. 2024;110(8):4932\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101400","volume":"40","author":"KS Arora","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arora\u00a0KS, Blake\u00a0V. Uterus transplantation: ethical and regulatory challenges. J\u00a0Med Ethics. 2014;40(6):396\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmad012","volume":"29","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Racowsky\u00a0C, Carbonnel\u00a0M, Wu\u00a0J, Gargiulo\u00a0A, Adashi\u00a0EY, et\u00a0al. Uterus transplantation: from research, through human trials and into the future. Hum Reprod Update. 2023;29(5):521\u201344.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"1191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"New and old milestones in reproductive medicine. The Lancet. 2015;385(9968):577.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60217-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"1191_CR18","volume":"92","author":"F Umani Ronchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umani Ronchi\u00a0F, Napoletano\u00a0G. Uterus Transplantation and the redefinition of core bioethics precepts. Acta Biomed. 2021;92(5)e2021435.","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00129-017-4080-9","volume":"50","author":"MW Beckmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beckmann\u00a0MW, Lotz\u00a0L, Renner\u00a0SP, Hildebrandt\u00a0T, Horch\u00a0RE, Weigand\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. Uterustransplantation \u2013 Perspektiven und Risiken. Der Gyn\u00e4kologe. 2017;50(6):389\u201396.","journal-title":"Der Gyn\u00e4kologe"},{"issue":"10","key":"1191_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2023.102684","volume":"52","author":"E Bouko-Levy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouko-Levy\u00a0E, Vialaret\u00a0C, Sall\u00e9e\u00a0C, Marquet\u00a0P, Margueritte\u00a0F, Dion\u00a0L, et\u00a0al. Estimation of the prevalence of uterine infertility and its different causes in France according to data from a literature review. J\u00a0Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2023;52(10)102684.","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01438.x","volume":"25","author":"A Lefkowitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lefkowitz\u00a0A, Edwards\u00a0M, Balayla\u00a0J. The Montreal Criteria for the Ethical Feasibility of Uterine Transplantation. Transpl Int. 2012;25(4):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.026","volume":"100","author":"A Lefkowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lefkowitz\u00a0A, Edwards\u00a0M, Balayla\u00a0J. Ethical considerations in the era of the uterine transplant: an update of the Montreal Criteria for the Ethical Feasibility of Uterine Transplantation. Fertil Steril. 2013;100(4):924\u20136.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1191_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nationale Ethikkommission im Bereich der Humanmedizin NEK. Das Verfahren der Uterustransplantation - ethische Erw\u00e4gungen. 2018, press release.","DOI":"10.4414\/saez.2019.17681"},{"issue":"3","key":"1191_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14304","volume":"101","author":"CC Karlsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karlsson\u00a0CC, Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Kvarnstr\u00f6m\u00a0N, M\u00f6lne\u00a0J, Broecker\u00a0V, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. Hysterectomy after uterus transplantation and detailed analyses of graft failures. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022;101(3):355\u201363.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002035","volume":"102","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Dahm K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Greite\u00a0R, M\u00f6lne\u00a0J, D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda\u00a0C, Tullius\u00a0SG. Uterus Transplantation: A\u00a0Rapidly Expanding Field. Transplantation. 2018;102(4):569\u201377.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"1191_CR26","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp\u00a0TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th\u00a0ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2019.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa301","volume":"36","author":"T Davidson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davidson\u00a0T, Ekberg\u00a0J, Sandman\u00a0L, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. The costs of human uterus transplantation: a study based on the nine cases of the initial Swedish live donor trial. Hum Reprod. 2021;36(2):358\u201366.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1191_CR28","unstructured":"Westerhaus C. Mit fremden Uterus zum Babygl\u00fcck Deutschlandfunk: Deutschlandfunk. 2019. https:\/\/www.deutschlandfunk.de\/gebaermutter-transplantation-mit-fremden-uterus-zum-100.html."},{"key":"1191_CR29","volume-title":"Die Geb\u00e4rmuttertransplantation","author":"P Graef","year":"2024","unstructured":"Graef\u00a0P. Die Geb\u00e4rmuttertransplantation. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac; 2024."},{"key":"1191_CR30","unstructured":"Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) F\u00fcnftes Buch (V) \u2013 Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung. 1988."},{"issue":"9","key":"1191_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-102999","volume":"42","author":"S Wilkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilkinson\u00a0S, Williams\u00a0NJ. Should uterus transplants be publicly funded? J\u00a0Med Ethics. 2016;42(9):559\u201365.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1191_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12506","volume":"32","author":"VK Blake","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blake\u00a0VK. Financing uterus transplants: The United States context. Bioethics. 2018;32(8):527\u201333.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"9","key":"1191_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-103232","volume":"42","author":"J Balayla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balayla\u00a0J. Public funding of uterine transplantation. J\u00a0Med Ethics. 2016;42(9):568\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"9","key":"1191_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13961","volume":"123","author":"J Balayla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balayla\u00a0J, Dahdouh\u00a0EM. Uterine transplantation is not a\u00a0good use of limited resources: FOR: Uterine transplantation is not a\u00a0good use of limited resources\u2011a case of distributive justice and burden of disease. BJOG. 2016;123(9):1439.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"8","key":"1191_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12525","volume":"32","author":"L Sandman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sandman\u00a0L. The importance of being pregnant: On the healthcare need for uterus transplantation. Bioethics. 2018;32(8):519\u201326.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"1191_CR36","unstructured":"Gesetz \u00fcber die Spende, Entnahme und \u00dcbertragung von Organen und Geweben. 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"1191_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2019.07.003","volume":"29","author":"PC Sichez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sichez\u00a0PC, Baboudjian\u00a0M, Depalorte\u00a0V, Karsenty\u00a0G, Lechevallier \u00c9, Boissier\u00a0R. Long term renal function outcomes and predictive factors of chronic renal failure after living kidney donation. Prog Urol. 2019;29(10):496\u2013503.","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00308-x","volume":"8","author":"L Woods","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woods\u00a0L, Perez-Garcia\u00a0V, Kieckbusch\u00a0J, Wang\u00a0X, DeMayo\u00a0F, Colucci\u00a0F, et\u00a0al. Decidualisation and placentation defects are a\u00a0major cause of age-related reproductive decline. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1)352.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1191_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4626-z","volume":"297","author":"SY Brucker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brucker\u00a0SY, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Taran\u00a0FA, Nadalin\u00a0S, K\u00f6nigsrainer\u00a0A, Rall\u00a0K, et\u00a0al. Selecting living donors for uterus transplantation: lessons learned from two transplantations resulting in menstrual functionality and another attempt, aborted after organ retrieval. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018;297(3):675\u201384.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1191_CR40","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt. Frauen in der EU sind bei der Geburt ihres ersten Kindes im Schnitt fast 30 Jahre alt. 2023, press release."},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.09.024","volume":"103","author":"L Johannesson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johannesson\u00a0L, Kvarnstr\u00f6m\u00a0N, M\u00f6lne\u00a0J, Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Enskog\u00a0A, Diaz-Garcia\u00a0C, et\u00a0al. Uterus transplantation trial: 1\u2011year outcome. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(1):199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"11","key":"1191_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14326","volume":"17","author":"G Testa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Testa\u00a0G, Koon\u00a0EC, Johannesson\u00a0L, McKenna\u00a0GJ, Anthony\u00a0T, Klintmalm\u00a0GB, et\u00a0al. Living Donor Uterus Transplantation: A\u00a0Single Center\u2019s Observations and Lessons Learned From Early Setbacks to Technical Success. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(11):2901\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR43","first-page":"587","volume":"93","author":"B Bruno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruno\u00a0B, Arora\u00a0KS. Ethical Implications of Donor Type for Uterus Transplantation: Why We Should Remain Wary of Using Living Donors. Yale J Biol Med. 2020;93(4):587\u201392.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14086","volume":"17","author":"G Testa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Testa\u00a0G, Koon\u00a0EC, Johannesson\u00a0L. Living Donor Uterus Transplant and Surrogacy: Ethical Analysis According to the Principle of Equipoise. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(4):912\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw002","volume":"117","author":"P Dahm-K\u00e4hler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Diaz-Garcia\u00a0C, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. Human uterus transplantation in focus. Br Med Bull. 2016;117(1):69\u201378.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR46","first-page":"657","volume":"68","author":"A Favre-Inhofer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Favre-Inhofer\u00a0A, Carbonnel\u00a0M, Revaux\u00a0A, Rafii\u00a0A, Karpel\u00a0L, Frydman\u00a0R, et\u00a0al. Uterus transplantation: state of knowledge and ethical reflection. Rev Prat. 2018;68(6):657\u201363.","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001481","volume":"101","author":"V Lavou\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lavou\u00e9\u00a0V, Vigneau\u00a0C, Duros\u00a0S, Boudjema\u00a0K, Lev\u00eaque\u00a0J, Piver\u00a0P, et\u00a0al. Which Donor for Uterus Transplants: Brain-Dead Donor or Living Donor? A Systematic Review. Transplantation. 2017;101(2):267\u201373.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.05.029","volume":"112","author":"N Kvarnstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kvarnstr\u00f6m\u00a0N, Enskog\u00a0A, Dahm-K\u00e4hler\u00a0P, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. Live versus deceased donor in uterus transplantation. Fertil Steril. 2019;112(1):24\u20137.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"9","key":"1191_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13963","volume":"123","author":"BP Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones\u00a0BP, Saso\u00a0S, Yazbek\u00a0J, Smith\u00a0JR. Uterine transplantation: past, present and future. BJOG. 2016;123(9):1434\u20138.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"15","key":"1191_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154516","volume":"11","author":"EH Frisch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frisch EH, Falcone T, Flyckt RL, Tzakis AG, Kodish E, Richards EG. Uterus Transplantation: Revisiting the Question of Deceased Donors versus Living Donors for Organ Procurement. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15)4516.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.016","volume":"102","author":"T Gauthier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gauthier\u00a0T, Piver\u00a0P, Pichon\u00a0N, Bibes\u00a0R, Guillaudeau\u00a0A, Piccardo\u00a0A, et\u00a0al. Uterus retrieval process from brain dead donors. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(2):476\u201382.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00350-016-4242-0","volume":"34","author":"H Kre\u00df","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kre\u00df\u00a0H. Uterustransplantation und In-vitro-Fertilisation mit nachfolgender Schwangerschaft. Medizinrecht. 2016;34(4):242\u20137.","journal-title":"Medizinrecht"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.03.048","volume":"102","author":"M Olausson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olausson\u00a0M, Johannesson\u00a0L, Brattg\u00e5rd\u00a0D, Diaz-Garcia\u00a0C, Lundmark\u00a0C, Groth\u00a0K, et\u00a0al. Ethics of uterus transplantation with live donors. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(1):40\u20133.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12247","volume":"30","author":"N Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams\u00a0N. Should Deceased Donation be Morally Preferred in Uterine Transplantation Trials? Bioethics. 2016;30(6):415\u201324.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2011.01897.x","volume":"27","author":"R Catsanos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Catsanos\u00a0R, Rogers\u00a0W, Lotz\u00a0M. The ethics of uterus transplantation. Bioethics. 2013;27(2):65\u201373.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.05.010","volume":"123","author":"G Benagiano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benagiano\u00a0G, Landeweerd\u00a0L, Brosens\u00a0I. Medical and ethical considerations in uterus transplantation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;123(2):173\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1191_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12531","volume":"32","author":"L O\u2019Donovan","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan\u00a0L. Pushing the boundaries: Uterine transplantation and the limits of reproductive autonomy. Bioethics. 2018;32(8):489\u201398.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-018-0018-4","volume":"25","author":"A Taneja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taneja\u00a0A, Das\u00a0S, Hussain\u00a0SA, Madadin\u00a0M, Lobo\u00a0SW, Fatima\u00a0H, et\u00a0al. Uterine Transplant: A Risk to Life or a Chance for Life? Sci Eng Ethics. 2019;25(2):635\u201342.","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"1191_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113493517","volume":"20","author":"I Kisu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kisu\u00a0I, Mihara\u00a0M, Banno\u00a0K, Umene\u00a0K, Araki\u00a0J, Hara\u00a0H, et\u00a0al. Risks for donors in uterus transplantation. Reprod Sci. 2013;20(12):1406\u201315.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.01.002","volume":"133","author":"BM Dickens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dickens\u00a0BM. Legal and ethical issues of uterus transplantation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;133(1):125\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1191_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.06.038","volume":"104","author":"S J\u00e4rvholm","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvholm\u00a0S, Johannesson\u00a0L, Clarke\u00a0A, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M. Uterus transplantation trial: Psychological evaluation of recipients and partners during the post-transplantation year. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(4):1010\u20135.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"1191_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp049","volume":"16","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Wranning\u00a0CA, Altchek\u00a0A. Experimental uterus transplantation. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(3):329\u201345.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"1191_CR63","unstructured":"Westerhaus C. Uterustransplantation f\u00fcr ein eigenes Kind: Deutschlandfunk. 2016. https:\/\/www.deutschlandfunk.de\/gebaermutterglueck-uterus-transplantation-fuer-ein-eigenes-100.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-021-00098-3","volume":"7","author":"Z Kiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiani\u00a0Z, Simbar\u00a0M, Hajian\u00a0S, Zayeri\u00a0F. The prevalence of depression symptoms among infertile women: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Res Pract. 2021;7(1)6.","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"1191_CR65","volume-title":"Constitution of the World Health Organization","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Constitution of the World Health Organization. 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"1191_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180121000827","volume":"31","author":"E Kendal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kendal\u00a0E, Koplin\u00a0JJ. The Moral Superiority of Bioengineered Wombs and Ectogenesis for Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2022;31(1):73\u201382.","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.04.005","volume":"119","author":"M Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Racowsky\u00a0C, Richards\u00a0EG, Flyckt\u00a0R, Stillman\u00a0RJ, O\u2019Brien\u00a0JE, et\u00a0al. Absolute uterine infertility a\u00a0cornelian dilemma: uterine transplantation or surrogacy? Fertil Steril. 2023;119(6):918\u201329.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"1191_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2019.1599764","volume":"21","author":"VG Mookerjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mookerjee\u00a0VG, Kwan\u00a0D. Uterus transplantation as a\u00a0fertility option in transgender healthcare. Int J Transgend Health. 2020;21(2):122\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Transgend Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"1191_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206081","volume":"11","author":"M Carbonnel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carbonnel M, Karpel L, Corruble N, Legendri S, Pencole L, Cordier B, et al. Transgender Males as Potential Donors for Uterus Transplantation: A Survey. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20)6081.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1191_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E431","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2023.431","volume":"25","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murphy\u00a0TF, Mumford\u00a0K. Should Uterus Transplantation for Transwomen and Transmen Be Subsidized? AMA J Ethics. 2023;25(6):E431\u2013E6.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"}],"container-title":["Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:02:24Z","timestamp":1790636544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["1191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10354-026-01191-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5341","1563-258X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5341","type":"print"},{"value":"1563-258X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"N. Kittel and F. Steger declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study does not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require ethical approval.\n                      Informed consent\n                      : not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}