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Baseline and follow-up assessments were conducted at 12, 24, and 36 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), CMT, number of anti-VEGF injections, HbA1c, serum creatinine (Cre), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary protein levels, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage were measured at each time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population had a mean age of 60.7 \u00b1 12.2 years, with 41 men and 21 women. Over the 36-month period, the mean number of anti-VEGF injections per eye was 5.3 \u00b1 3.3. Maximum CMT significantly decreased at each time point, and final BCVA showed significant improvement (logMAR: \u2212\u20090.07). HbA1c levels remained stable, BUN and Cre levels increased, and eGFR decreased significantly over time. CKD stage 3+ at 36 months significantly resulted in worse CMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study provides valuable insights into the longitudinal changes in renal function and CMT during anti-VEGF therapy for DME. Our findings emphasize the importance of monitoring renal function. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex relationship between renal function, DME, and anti-VEGF therapy, thereby facilitating improved management and outcomes in patients with DME.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01170-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T23:46:54Z","timestamp":1740700014000},"page":"245-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longitudinal renal function changes during real-world anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayumi","family":"Usui-Ouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuta","family":"Kishishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Sakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keitaro","family":"Mashimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Tamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moe","family":"Matsuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiko","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyu","family":"Ikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuu","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishin","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiro","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Ebihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","volume":"35","author":"JW Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. 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U-Ouchi, Grants or contracts (Bayer), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Chugai, Santen, Senju, Novartis); S. Kishishita, None; Y. Sakanishi, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Chugai, Santen, Senju, Novartis); K. Mashimo, None; K.Tamaki, None; M. Matsuzawa, None; M. Kimura, None; R. Ikari, None; S. Morita, None; I. Ninomiya, None; T. Sakuma, None; N. Ebihara, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Santen, Senju); S. Nakao, Grants or contracts (Alcon, Otsuka, HANDAYA, Santen, HOYA, Seed, IWAKI OPTICAL, Senju, JFC Sales Plan, TOMEY, Kowa, WAKAMOTO), Consulting fees (Alcon, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Chugai, RIVERFIELD, Kowa, Senju), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Alcon, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Chugai, Novo Nordisk, JFC Sales Plan, Otsuka, Johnson & Johnson, Santen, Kowa, Senju, Machida Endoscope, WAKAMOTO, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma), Support for attending meetings and\/or travel (Chugai, Novartis, NIPRO, Sumitomo), Patents planned, issued or pending (RIVERFIELD).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}