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Patients were divided into three groups: primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome, secondary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome, and autoimmune disease without Sjogren\u2019s syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among all cases, the mean fluorescein breakup time (FBUT) was 2.7 \u00b1 1.6 s, the van Bijesterveld corneal score was 0.8 \u00b1 0.8, the conjunctival score was 1.5 \u00b1 1.7; and the Schirmer 1 test value was 8.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.2\u00a0mm. Among all cases, the fluorescein breakup pattern (FBUPs) was tear-deficiency-type dry eye in 43% of eyes (area 11%, line 32%), and short FBUT-type dry eye in 57% (dimple 31%, spot 10%, random 16%). Conjunctival scores showed significant positive correlations with anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibody titers in the primary and secondary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>More than half of the dry eyes associated with autoimmune diseases were short FBUT-type. Patients with autoimmune disease should be aware of dry eye, even without a diagnosis of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01172-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:36:55Z","timestamp":1742193415000},"page":"188-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics of dry eye associated with autoimmune diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Hosotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahomi","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumi","family":"Gomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1172_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1729597","volume":"43","author":"NM Abd-Allah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abd-Allah NM, Hassan AA, Omar G, Hamdy M, Abdelaziz ST, Abd El Hamid WM, et al. 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