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Mean red (R), green (G), and blue (B) intensities at eight locations around the optic disc and fovea were quantified, and the tessellation fundus index was calculated as R\/(R + G + B). Optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, and retinal vessel angle were measured. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression with leave-one-out cross-validation predicted RE and AL, validated using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean \u00b1 standard deviation actual RE and AL of participants (834 men and 812 women) were -0.14\u00b11.62 diopter and 23.50\u00b10.88 mm. The mean \u00b1 standard deviation predicted RE and AL based on fundus parameters was -0.14\u00b11.05 diopter and 23.50\u00b10.48 mm, with a mean absolute error of 0.91 diopter and 0.59 mm, and the correlation coefficients between actual and predicted RE and AL were 0.63 and 0.51 (p&lt;0.001). Eyes with a longer AL had narrower temporal vessel angles, weaker green intensities, stronger blue intensities, and increased tessellation of the fundus color (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RE and AL could be predicted using CFP parameters; the RE- or AL-related changes in the fundus, such as vessel angles and peripapillary color intensity, may enhance our understanding of myopia mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01192-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T03:53:45Z","timestamp":1749441225000},"page":"606-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Refractive error and axial length prediction using fundus parameters of normal eyes in the Kumejima population study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Asaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Iwase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Terasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiji","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Araie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/72.554195","volume":"8","author":"S Lawrence","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lawrence S, Giles CL, Tsoi AC, Back AD. 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