{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:58:53Z","timestamp":1770973133920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jpn J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T06:36:45Z","timestamp":1746427005000},"page":"766-774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical study of thyroid eye disease combined with myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","volume":"375","author":"TJ Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith TJ, Heged\u00fcs L. Graves\u2019 disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1552\u201365.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1208_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01246-7","volume":"358","author":"B Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du B, Wang Y, Yang M, He W. Clinical features and clinical course of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a case series of 3620 Chinese cases. Eye (Lond). 2021;358:2294\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"1208_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615993","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.615993","volume":"11","author":"L Bartalena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Gallo D, Lai A, Tanda ML. Epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and prevention of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:615993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.615993.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"1208_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2020.100063","volume":"5","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Tian DC, Zhang C, Li Z, Zhai Y, Xiu Y, et al. Incidence, mortality, and economic burden of myasthenia gravis in China: a nationwide population-based study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;5:100063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2020.100063.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"key":"1208_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31972","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031972","volume":"102","author":"DH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim DH, Roh HC, Oh SY. Ophthalmologic clinical features of ocular myasthenia gravis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102:e31972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000031972.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"1208_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","volume":"85","author":"MN Meriggioli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol. 2009;85:475\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1208_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","volume":"375","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2570\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1208_CR8","first-page":"477","volume":"92","author":"GB Bartley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bartley GB. The epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in Olmsted County Minnesota. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994;92:477\u2013588.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc."},{"key":"1208_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01693.x","volume":"1273","author":"YL Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen YL, Yeh JH, Chiu HC. Clinical features of myasthenia gravis patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Taiwan. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;1273:170\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"1208_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.09.005","volume":"151","author":"C Bernard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernard C, Frih H, Pasquet F, Kerever S, Jamilloux Y, Tronc F, et al. Thymoma associated with autoimmune diseases: 85 cases and literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;151:82\u201392.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"1208_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72787-4","volume":"1196","author":"GB Bartley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bartley GB, Gorman CA. Diagnostic criteria for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;1196:792\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1208_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10471","volume":"286","author":"T Kusuhara","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kusuhara T, Nakajima M, Imamura A. Ocular myasthenia gravis associated with euthyroid ophthalmopathy. Muscle Nerve. 2003;286:764\u20136.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"1208_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176064","volume":"125","author":"Q Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Q, Ye H, Ding Y, Chen G, Liu Z, Xu J, et al. Clinical characteristics of moderate-to-severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in 354 Chinese cases. PLoS One. 2017;125:e0176064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0176064.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"1208_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.3.352","volume":"71","author":"K Poulas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Poulas K, Tsibri E, Kokla A, Papanastasiou D, Tsouloufis T, Marinou M, et al. Epidemiology of seropositive myasthenia gravis in Greece. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:352\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"1208_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1157-z","volume":"34","author":"X Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang X, Liu WB, Men LN, Feng HY, Li Y, Luo CM, et al. Clinical features of myasthenia gravis in Southern China: a retrospective review of 2,154 cases over 22 years. Neurol Sci. 2013;34:911\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"1208_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl095","volume":"129","author":"ME Farrugia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farrugia ME, Robson MD, Clover L, Anslow P, Newsom-Davis J, Kennett R, et al. MRI and clinical studies of facial and bulbar muscle involvement in Musk antibody-associated myasthenia gravis. Brain. 2006;129:1481\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"1208_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27118","volume":"635","author":"B Claytor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Claytor B, Li Y. Challenges in diagnosing coexisting ocular myasthenia gravis and thyroid eye disease. Muscle Nerve. 2021;635:631\u20139.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"1208_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01992-x","volume":"42","author":"VH Vasanthapuram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasanthapuram VH, Naik MN. Blepharoptosis in thyroid eye disease: etiopathogenesis, clinical features and correlation with thyroid eye disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42:13\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1208_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.333","volume":"23","author":"M Naseem","year":"2009","unstructured":"Naseem M, Donker DL, Paridaens D. Blepharoptosis as a sign of severe graves\u2019 orbitopathy. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:1743\u20134.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"1208_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.183412","volume":"129","author":"DD Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu DD, Zhang ZH, Xu HY, Li H, Liu YH. Resolution of pseudoptosis after anti-inflammatory treatment of the contralateral eye in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Chin Med J (Engl). 2016;129:1503\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"key":"1208_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.12.822","volume":"77","author":"ME Vargas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vargas ME, Warren FA, Kupersmith MJ. Exotropia as a sign of myasthenia gravis in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:822\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1208_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02183-3","volume":"61","author":"S Weidauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weidauer S, Hofmann C, Wagner M, Hattingen E. Neuroradiological and clinical features in ophthalmoplegia. Neuroradiology. 2019;61:365\u201387.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"1208_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160440","author":"HW Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang HW, Wang YX, Bao J, Wang SH, Lei P, Sun ZL. Correlation of Hla-Dq and Tnf-a gene polymorphisms with ocular myasthenia gravis combined with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. 2017. Biosci Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20160440."},{"key":"1208_CR24","first-page":"100","volume":"51","author":"A Yaman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yaman A, Yaman H. Ocular myasthenia gravis coincident with thyroid ophthalmopathy. Neurol India. 2003;51:100\u20131.","journal-title":"Neurol India."},{"key":"1208_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10248","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10248","volume":"12","author":"S Amin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amin S, Aung M, Gandhi FR, Pena Escobar JA, Gulraiz A, Malik BH. Myasthenia gravis and its association with thyroid diseases. Cureus. 2020;12:e10248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.10248.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"1208_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.3.161","volume":"83","author":"ZF Mao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mao ZF, Mo XA, Qin C, Lai YR, Hackett ML. Incidence of thymoma in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review. J Clin Neurol. 2012;83:161\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol."},{"key":"1208_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.12.010","volume":"2211\u20132","author":"M Sugawara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sugawara M, Wada C, Okawa S, Kobayashi M, Abe E, Obara K, et al. Long-term follow up of thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;2211\u20132:121\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"1208_CR28","first-page":"422","volume":"6","author":"E Rivera-Grana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rivera-Grana E, Lin P, Suhler EB, Rosenbaum JT. Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent for thyroid eye disease. J Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;6:422.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1208_CR29","first-page":"2031","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Du B, Yang M, Zhu Y, He W. Peribulbar injection of glucocorticoids for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and factors affecting therapeutic effectiveness: a retrospective cohort study of 386 cases. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20:2031\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"1208_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-016-1542-3","volume":"186","author":"P Grassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grassi P, Strianese D, Piscopo R, Pacelli R, Bonavolont\u00e0 G. Radiotherapy for the treatment of thyroid eye disease-a prospective comparison: is orbital radiotherapy a suitable alternative to steroids? Ir J Med Sci. 2017;186:647\u201352.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci."},{"key":"1208_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3280-7","volume":"254","author":"JW Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim JW, Han SH, Son BJ, Rim TH, Keum KC, Yoon JS. Efficacy of combined orbital radiation and systemic steroids in the management of graves\u2019 orbitopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254:991\u20138.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1208_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061597","volume":"11","author":"MK Alhaidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhaidar MK, Abumurad S, Soliven B, Rezania K. Current treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Clin Med. 2022;11:1597.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"1208_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3058-7","volume":"38","author":"K Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu K, Li J, Huang X, Xu W, Liu W, Chen J, et al. Thymectomy is a beneficial therapy for patients with non-thymomatous ocular myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2017;38:1753\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"1208_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.09.004","volume":"26","author":"L Bartalena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bartalena L. Prevention of graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26:371\u20139.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"1208_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03843.x","volume":"20","author":"AH Maniaol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maniaol AH, Boldingh M, Brunborg C, Harbo HF. Smoking and socio-economic status may affect myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:453\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"1208_CR36","first-page":"141","volume":"1532","author":"T Moreau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moreau T, Vukusic S, Vandenabeele S, Confavreux C. Nicotine and worsening myasthenia. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1997;1532:141\u20133 ((in French)).","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)."},{"key":"1208_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.09.019","volume":"209","author":"S Apinyawasisuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apinyawasisuk S, Chongpison Y, Thitisaksakul C, Jariyakosol S. Factors affecting generalization of ocular myasthenia gravis in patients with positive acetylcholine receptor antibody. Am J ophthalmol. 2020;209:10\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T13:20:54Z","timestamp":1757164854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01208-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1042\/BSR20160440","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0021-5155","1613-2246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-5155","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-2246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Y. Wu, None; Y. Li, None; W. He, None.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}