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We explored the effects of ripasudil on retinal damage via oxidative stress (OS) in primary rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) cultures and NMDA-induced retinal damage in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental investigation<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary rat RGCs were isolated via a 2-step immunopanning method and cultured under normal cultivation conditions for 72 h and for a further 24 h in antioxidant-free medium for OS. We measured the number of living RGCs by use of calcein-AM and calpain activity via calpain immunoreactivity assays. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of ripasudil via RGC counting in retinal flat-mounts from Thy1-CFP mice, retinal thickness via optical coherence tomography, and reduced glutathione levels via GSSG\/GSH assays in NMDA-induced retinal damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The living RGC counts of normal, OS, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 uM ripasudil under OS were 236.0 \u00b1 21.6, 155.0 \u00b1 13.2, 155.9 \u00b1 17.1, 158.9 \u00b1 12.0, 184.8 \u00b1 26.9, and 201.1 \u00b1 24.8 cells, respectively. 10 or 100 uM ripasudil significantly inhibited the OS-induced RGC reduction (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05 or 0.01). Furthermore, the enhanced calpain activity induced by OS was suppressed by 100 uM ripasudil (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In an in vivo study, the RGC counts in the NMDA-treated group were lower than those of the non-NMDA-treated group. NMDA-induced RGC loss was significantly suppressed by ripasudil (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Retinal thinning after 3 weeks of NMDA injection was also inhibited by ripasudil (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01 or 0.05). Furthermore, NMDA increased the glutathione level, whereas ripasudil suppressed it (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ripasudil may have neuroprotective effects via an antioxidative mechanism, which could be useful as an intraocular pressure-independent additive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01243-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:38:42Z","timestamp":1751416722000},"page":"823-832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neuroprotective effect of ripasudil on retinal ganglion cells via an antioxidative mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Reiko","family":"Yamagishi-Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Honjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Aihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiuchi Y, Inoue T, Shoji N, Nakamura M, Tanito M, Inoue K, et al. 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