{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1780308590490,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["24K12750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K12750"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["25K12854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K12854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jpn J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T02:52:01Z","timestamp":1765335121000},"page":"610-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with patient-initiated discontinuation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema: a real-world study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaki","family":"Hirato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomomi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yugo","family":"Hiranuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikatsu","family":"Kaburaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Kakehashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suguru","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","volume":"376","author":"N Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010;376:124\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.9.2653","volume":"26","author":"TA Ciulla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2653\u201364.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1315_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.12.039","volume":"119","author":"QD Nguyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, Boyer DS, Patel S, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:789\u2013801.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1315_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22725","volume":"58","author":"HS Hwang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang HS, Chae JB, Kim JY, Kim DY. Association between hyperreflective dots on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in macular edema and response to treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:5958\u201367.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1315_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5790","volume":"321","author":"CW Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker CW, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, Antoszyk AN, Browning DJ, Chalam KV, et al. Effect of initial management with aflibercept vs laser photocoagulation vs observation on vision loss among patients with diabetic macular edema involving the center of the macula and good visual acuity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:1880\u201394.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1963","volume":"137","author":"NM Bressler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bressler NM, Odia I, Maguire M, Glassman AR, Jampol LM, MacCumber MW, et al. Association between change in visual acuity and change in central subfield thickness during treatment of diabetic macular edema in participants randomized to aflibercept, brolucizumab, or ranibizumab: a post hoc analysis of the protocol T randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137:977\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1315_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.5346","volume":"134","author":"SB Bressler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bressler SB, Ayala AR, Bressler NM, Melia M, Qin H, Ferris FL 3rd, et al. Persistent macular thickening after ranibizumab treatment for diabetic macular edema with vision impairment. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(3):278\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6565","volume":"136","author":"NM Bressler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bressler NM, Beaulieu WT, Glassman AR, Blinder KJ, Bressler SB, Jampol LM, et al. Persistent macular thickening following intravitreous aflibercept, brolucizumab, or ranibizumab for central-involved diabetic macular edema with vision impairment: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:257\u201369.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1315_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.017","volume":"4","author":"TA Ciulla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciulla TA, Hussain RM, Pollack JS, Williams DF. Visual acuity outcomes and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy intensity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients: a real-world analysis of 49 485 eyes. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4:19\u201330.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"1315_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.06.004","volume":"2","author":"TA Ciulla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ciulla TA, Bracha P, Pollack J, Williams DF. Real-world outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in diabetic macular edema in the United States. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2:1179\u201387.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"1315_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04936-w","volume":"259","author":"S Yoshida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshida S, Murakami T, Nozaki M, Suzuma K, Baba T, Hirano T, et al. Review of clinical studies and recommendation for a therapeutic flow chart for diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259:815\u201336.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315199","volume":"104","author":"M Shimura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shimura M, Kitano S, Muramatsu D, Fukushima H, Takamura Y, Matsumoto M, et al. Real-world management of treatment-na\u00efve diabetic macular oedema in Japan: two-year visual outcomes with and without anti-VEGF therapy in the STREAT-DME study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:1209\u201315.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144227","volume":"1913","author":"D \u015apiewak","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u015apiewak D, Drzyzga \u0141, Dorecka M, Wygl\u0119dowska-Promie\u0144ska D. Summary of the therapeutic options for patients with dry and neovascular AMD. J Clin Med. 2024;1913:4227.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1315_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.12.026","volume":"131","author":"TY Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong TY, Haskova Z, Asik K, Baumal CR, Csaky KG, Eter N, et al. Faricimab treat-and-extend for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from the randomized phase 3 YOSEMITE and RHINE trials. Ophthalmology. 2024;131:708\u201323.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1315_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00018-6","volume":"399","author":"CC Wykoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, Basu K, Eichenbaum DA, Haskova Z, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2022;399:741\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1315_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-023-00979-8","volume":"67","author":"M Shimura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shimura M, Kitano S, Ogata N, Mitamura Y, Oh H, Ochi H, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in Japanese patients with diabetic macular edema: 1-year results from the Japan subgroup of the phase 3 YOSEMITE trial. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2023;67:264\u201379.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-024-01078-y","volume":"68","author":"M Shimura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimura M, Oh H, Ueda T, Kitano S, Mitamura Y, Sato J, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in diabetic macular edema: 2-year results from the Japan subgroup of the phase 3 YOSEMITE trial. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2024;68:511\u201322.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.034","volume":"125","author":"A Obeid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obeid A, Gao X, Ali FS, Talcott KE, Aderman CM, Hyman L, et al. Loss to follow-up in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy after panretinal photocoagulation or intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1386\u201392.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1315_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","volume":"48","author":"Y Kanda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:452\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"1315_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04414-y","volume":"257","author":"R Angermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Angermann R, Rauchegger T, Nowosielski Y, Casazza M, Bilgeri A, Ulmer H, et al. Treatment compliance and adherence among patients with diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration treated by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor under universal health coverage. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257:2119\u201325.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97644-2","volume":"11","author":"JS Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim JS, Lee S, Kim JY, Seo EJ, Chae JB, Kim DY. Visual\/anatomical outcome of diabetic macular edema patients lost to follow-up for more than 1 year. Sci Rep. 2021;11:18353.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1315_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212311996","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121231199655","volume":"11","author":"VKL Takahashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takahashi VKL, Balbino M, Ruppert ADP, de Carvalho LS, Seixas RCS. Lost to follow-up of patients who received intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy to treat four different retina disorders in an individual center in Brazil. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231199656.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"1315_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12929","volume":"10","author":"M Sugimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sugimoto M, Tsukitome H, Okamoto F, Oshika T, Ueda T, Niki M, et al. Clinical preferences and trends of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments for diabetic macular edema in Japan. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10:475\u201383.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"1315_CR24","first-page":"532","volume":"33","author":"J Barron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barron J, Wahl P, Fisher M, Plauschinat C. Effect of prescription copayments on adherence and treatment failure with oral antidiabetic medications. P T. 2008;33:532\u201353.","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"1315_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05770-y","volume":"261","author":"SY Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim SY, Wong WM, Seah I, Chan HW, Su X, Lingam G, et al. Treat and extend regimen for diabetic macular oedema-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261:303\u201315.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.6786","volume":"137","author":"SB Bressler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bressler SB, Odia I, Maguire MG, Dhoot DS, Glassman AR, Jampol LM, et al. Factors associated with visual acuity and central subfield thickness changes when treating diabetic macular edema with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: an exploratory analysis of the protocol T randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137:382\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2025.05.010","volume":"47","author":"S Jihoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jihoo S, Jonghyun J, Kyu-Nam H, Jaekyu S, Ju-Yeun L. Impact of loading dose adherence and long-term anti-VEGF persistence on diabetic macular edema outcomes in a Korean cohort study. Clin Ther. 2025;47:566\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"1315_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307249","volume":"100","author":"C Pr\u00fcnte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcnte C, Fajnkuchen F, Mahmood S, Ricci F, Hatz K, Studni\u010dka J, et al. Ranibizumab 0.5 mg treat-and-extend regimen for diabetic macular oedema: the retain study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:787\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14746","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14746","volume":"39","author":"P Tunde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tunde P, Toks A, Alexandors S, Sofia Z, Andreas C, Usha C. Treatment patterns and persistence rates with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for diabetic macular oedema in the UK: a real-world study. Diabet Med. 2022;39:e14746.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"1315_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.24007","volume":"6","author":"G Fumi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fumi G, Ryo K, Yuichiro O, Kosuke I, Tomomi T, Masafumi Y, et al. Patterns of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for chorioretinal vascular diseases: analysis of nationwide claims database in Japan. Ann Clin Epidemiol. 2024;6:42\u201350.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"1315_CR31","unstructured":"National Tax Agency of the Private Sector Salary Survey Results. Tokyo: National Tax Agency. 2023. https:\/\/www.nta.go.jp\/publication\/statistics\/kokuzeicho\/jikeiretsu\/01_02.htm Accessed 4 August 2025 (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1315_CR32","unstructured":"U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Consumer price index for all items in Japan. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/FPCPITOTLZGJPN Accessed 4 August 2025"},{"key":"1315_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S248661","volume":"14","author":"NE Abu-Yaghi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu-Yaghi NE, Abed AM, Khlaifat DF, Nawaiseh MB, Emoush LO, AlHajjaj HZ, et al. Factors affecting compliance to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of diabetic macular edema in a cohort of Jordanian patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:921\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-024-01026-6","volume":"13","author":"T Hirano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hirano T, Tanabe K, Murata T. Factors influencing treatment preference in patients with diabetic macular edema: a study using conjoint analysis. Ophthalmol Ther. 2024;13:2887\u2013901.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"1315_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1159\/000526044","volume":"245","author":"J Hoshino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoshino J, Matsumoto H, Mukai R, Nakamura K, Akiyama H. Intravitreal aflibercept versus brolucizumab for treatment-naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration with type 1 macular neovascularization: comparison of short-term outcomes. Ophthalmologica. 2022;245:413\u201320.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"1315_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000424","volume":"28","author":"S Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai S, Bressler NM. Aflibercept, brolucizumab or ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema: recent clinically relevant findings from DRCR.net protocol T. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28:636\u201343.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1315_CR37","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Summary of the 2023 Survey on Employment Trends. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2023. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/list\/9-23-1.html Accessed 4 August 2025 (in Japanese)"},{"key":"1315_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S273564","volume":"14","author":"D Bhagat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhagat D, Kirby B, Bhatt H, Jager R, George M, Sheth V. Patients preferences associated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2975\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1780307706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-025-01315-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-5155","1613-2246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-5155","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-2246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"T. Hasegawa, Honoraria for invited lectures (Chugai); R. Yagi, None; M. Hirato, None; H. Fujita, None; T. Sato, None; Y. Hiranuma, None; Y. Tanaka, None; T. Kaburaki, Research support to the author\u2019s institution (Santen, AbbVie, Senju, Daiichi-Sankyo, DeepEyeVision, Chugai, Kowa, Alcon, HOYA), Honoraria for invited lectures (Santen, AbbVie, Senju, Daiichi-Sankyo, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Otsuka, Nihon Kayaku, Eisai, Kowa, Wakamoto, Novartis, Ono, Bayer, Chugai); A. Kakehashi, None; S. Nakagawa, Research support to the author\u2019s institution (HOYA, Santen, Senju, Alcon), Honoraria for invited lectures (Chugai, Senju, Kowa, Santen).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was presented at the 31st Japanese Society of Ophthalmic Diabetology meeting held in 2025 in Okinawa, Japan.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Meeting presentation"}}]}}