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All the participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing, and home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) to obtain the 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI). SDB was operationally defined as ODI-SAS, ie, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) defined by HSAT-derived 4% ODI \u226515 events per hour. Sixteen algorithms were trained to predict ODI-SAS; model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC\u2013AUC), precision, recall, the F1 score, and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred fifty-eight patients (30.80%) met the ODI-SAS criterion. ODI-SAS status was associated with a history of hypertension, higher body mass index, family-reported apnea, shorter axial length, fewer antiglaucoma medications, and worse inferocentral total deviation on HVF (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), but not with self-awareness of snoring or previous SAS diagnosis. A gradient-boosted decision-tree model (CatBoost) achieved the best performance (ROC\u2013AUC 0.86), with precision 0.692, recall 0.711, F1 score 0.701, and MCC 0.543.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Machine-learning models can predict ODI-SAS in glaucoma using systemic risk factors together with ophthalmic features, including inferocentral visual-field defects. Such models may help identify OAG patients who warrant formal sleep evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-026-01386-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:31:56Z","timestamp":1780900316000},"page":"1218-1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a machine learning model using systemic and ophthalmic parameters to detect sleep-disordered breathing in glaucoma patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Kiyota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Himori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Osada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeto","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuko","family":"Omodaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5591-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1386_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00272-4","volume":"126","author":"Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group","year":"1998","unstructured":"Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. 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Kiyota, None; M. Yamazaki, None; N. Himori, None; T. Ninomiya, None; K. Osada, None; T. Yabana, None; S. Maekawa, None; S. Tsuda, None; K. Omodaka, None; Y. Yokoyama, None; T. Nakazawa, None.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}