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We compared patient background characteristics; ophthalmic findings, including optical coherence tomography parameters; laboratory findings, including hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters; anti-MOG antibody titers; and contrast-enhanced orbital MRI findings at baseline in relapse and non-relapse groups. Relapse risk was evaluated using a Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis and a Cox proportional hazards regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine of 44 (20.5%) patients relapsed during follow-up. The Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis showed lower relapse-free survival in patients without eye-movement pain, those with a lower serum IgG level, and those with a thinner macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL; log-rank P=0.013, 0.049, and 0.040, respectively). In the age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis, relapse risk was significantly associated with absence of eye-movement pain (hazard ratio [HR] 5.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35\u201323.04; P=0.018), a lower serum IgG level (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30\u20131.00; P=0.048), and a higher anti-MOG antibody titer (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.05\u20133.71; P=0.034).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline absence of eye-movement pain, lower serum IgG level, and higher anti-MOG antibody titer were associated with relapse risk in patients with MOG-ON. A thinner mRNFL may represent a potential marker of relapse-related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-026-01415-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:31:09Z","timestamp":1790663469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of risk factors for relapse at initial onset in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated optic neuritis using ophthalmic findings"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Himori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kiyota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Misu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimihiko","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airi","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5591-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00218-0","volume":"20","author":"R Marignier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marignier R, Hacohen Y, Cobo-Calvo A, Pr\u00f6bstel A-K, Aktas O, Alexopoulos H, et al. 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