{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T01:11:40Z","timestamp":1763428300903,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EcoHealth"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T23:53:58Z","timestamp":1754697238000},"page":"613-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficiency Analysis Based on Two-Stage Undesirable Dynamic SBM Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-ho","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078","volume":"30","author":"RD Banker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Banker RD, Charnes A, Cooper WW (1984) Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science 30(9):1078\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"1741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117389","volume":"141","author":"F Barbone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barbone F, Bovenzi M, Cavallieri F, Stanta G (1995) Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste. Italy. American Journal of Epidemiology 141(12):1161\u20131169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117389","journal-title":"Italy. American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1741_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1157","volume":"16","author":"FA Bokhari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bokhari FA, Gai Y, Gottret P (2007) Government health expenditures and health outcomes. Health Economics 16(3):257\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1157","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"issue":"9341","key":"1741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","volume":"360","author":"B Brunekreef","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brunekreef B, Holgate ST (2002) Air Pollution and Health. the Lancet 360(9341):1233\u20131242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","journal-title":"Air Pollution and Health. the Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1741_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076815600907","volume":"108","author":"S Budhdeo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Budhdeo S, Watkins J, Atun R, Williams C, Zeltner T, Maruthappu M (2015) Changes in government spending on healthcare and population mortality in the European union, 1995\u20132010: a cross-sectional ecological study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 108(12):490\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0141076815600907","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1741_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8","volume":"2","author":"A Charnes","year":"1978","unstructured":"Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes E (1978) Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research 2(6):429\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"1741_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, S., Cao, Z., Prettner, K., Kuhn, M., Yang, J., Jiao, L., ... & Wang, C. (2023). Estimates and projections of the global economic cost of 29 cancers in 204 countries and territories from 2020 to 2050.\u00a0JAMA oncology,\u00a09(4), 465\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826"},{"key":"1741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2014.08.009","volume":"31","author":"SM Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen SM, He LY (2014) Welfare loss of China\u2019s air pollution: How to make personal vehicle transportation policy. China Economic Review 31:106\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chieco.2014.08.009","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"1741_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.3241","volume":"42","author":"YH Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu YH, Lin TY, Chang TH, Lin YN, Chiu SY (2021) Prevaluating efficiency gains from potential mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry with the Resample Past\u2013Present\u2013Future data envelopment analysis approach. Managerial and Decision Economics 42(2):369\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mde.3241","journal-title":"Managerial and Decision Economics"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"1741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s4743","volume":"108","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen AJ (2000) Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 108(suppl 4):743\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.00108s4743","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"9","key":"1741_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00551-3","volume":"35","author":"RN Colvile","year":"2001","unstructured":"Colvile RN, Hutchinson EJ, Mindell JS, Warren RF (2001) The transport sector as a source of air pollution. Atmospheric Environment 35(9):1537\u20131565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00551-3","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"1741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2343100","volume":"120","author":"MJ Farrell","year":"1957","unstructured":"Farrell MJ (1957) The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series a: Statistics in Society 120(3):253\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2343100","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series a: Statistics in Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"1741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12525","volume":"38","author":"AW Gaffney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaffney AW, Hawks L, White AC, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein D, Christiani DC, McCormick D (2022) Health care disparities across the urban-rural divide: a national study of individuals with COPD. The Journal of Rural Health 38(1):207\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jrh.12525","journal-title":"The Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"1741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghazipura, M., Garshick, E., & Cromar, K. (2019). Ambient PM2. 5 exposure and risk of lung cancer incidence in North America and Europe. Environmental Research Communications, 1(1), 015004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2515-7620\/ab06e9","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ab06e9"},{"key":"1741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zeng, H., Zheng, R., Li, S., Barnett, A. G., Zhang, S., ... & Williams, G. (2016). The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis.\u00a0Environmental research,\u00a0144, 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"1741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.10.008","volume":"192","author":"C Kao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kao C (2009) Efficiency decomposition in network data envelopment analysis: A relational model. European Journal of Operational Research 192(3):949\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.10.008","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"1741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leuenberger, P., K\u00fcnzli, N., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Schindler, C., Bolognini, G., Bongard, J. P., ... & Zellweger, J. P. (1998). Swiss study on air pollution and lung diseases in adults (SAPALDIA). Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 128(5), 150\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542160","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542160"},{"issue":"2","key":"1741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1142\/S021962202050008X","volume":"19","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Chiu YH, Lin TY, Chang TH (2020) Pre-Evaluating the Technical Efficiency Gains from Potential Mergers and Acquisitions in the IC Design Industry. International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making 19(2):525\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S021962202050008X","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making"},{"key":"1741_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12728","author":"TY Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin TY, Chiang HW, Chiu YH, Chang TH, Liu CT (2024) Evaluation of Taiwan\u2019s IC industry production and market efficiencies under the consideration of corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/beer.12728","journal-title":"Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1741_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/15567249.2020.1868622","volume":"16","author":"C Magazzino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magazzino C, Porrini D, Fusco G, Schneider N (2021) Investigating the link among ICT, electricity consumption, air pollution, and economic growth in EU countries. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 16(11\u201312):976\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15567249.2020.1868622","journal-title":"Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy"},{"key":"1741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2287-z","volume":"15","author":"I Makuta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makuta I, O\u2019Hare B (2015) Quality of governance, public spending on health and health status in Sub Saharan Africa: a panel data regression analysis. BMC Public Health 15:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2287-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1741_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e887","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1600","volume":"135","author":"M Maruthappu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maruthappu M, Ng KYB, Williams C, Atun R, Zeltner T (2015) Government health care spending and child mortality. Pediatrics 135(4):e887\u2013e894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-1600","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1741_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Munsif, R., Zubair, M., Aziz, A., & Zafar, M. N. (2021). Industrial air emission pollution: potential sources and sustainable mitigation. In\u00a0Environmental emissions. IntechOpen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.93104","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.93104"},{"issue":"5","key":"1741_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00002","volume":"11","author":"F Nyberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nyberg F, Gustavsson P, J\u00e4rup L, Bellander T, Berglind N, Jakobsson R, Pershagen G (2000) Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology 11(5):487\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1741_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","volume":"287","author":"CA Pope Iii","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pope Iii CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama 287(9):1132\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"1741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Bak, H., S\u00f8rensen, M., Jensen, S. S., Ketzel, M., Hvidberg, M., ... & Loft, S. (2010). Air pollution from traffic and risk for lung cancer in three Danish cohorts.\u00a0Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention,\u00a019(5), 1284\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0036","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0036"},{"key":"1741_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z. J., Beelen, R., Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Weinmayr, G., ... & Hoek, G. (2013). Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).\u00a0The lancet oncology,\u00a014(9), 813\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1"},{"key":"1741_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reilly, M. (2021). Health Disparities and Access to Healthcare in Rural vs. Urban Areas. Theory in Action, 14(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3798\/tia.1937-0237.2109","DOI":"10.3798\/tia.1937-0237.2109"},{"key":"1741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148480","volume":"792","author":"A Rodriguez-Alvarez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Alvarez A (2021) Air pollution and life expectancy in Europe: Does investment in renewable energy matter? Science of the Total Environment 792:148480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148480","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"1741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.8015","volume":"25","author":"J Subramanian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Subramanian J, Govindan R (2007) Lung cancer in never smokers: a review. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25(5):561\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.8015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1741_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04495-7","volume":"107","author":"W Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun W, Hou Y, Guo L (2021) Big data revealed relationship between air pollution and manufacturing industry in China. Natural Hazards 107(3):2533\u20132553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-020-04495-7","journal-title":"Natural Hazards"},{"key":"1741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thun, M. J., Carter, B. D., Feskanich, D., Freedman, N. D., Prentice, R., Lopez, A. D., ... & Gapstur, S. M. (2013). 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States.\u00a0New England Journal of Medicine,\u00a0368(4), 351\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa1211127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1211127"},{"issue":"3","key":"1741_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00407-5","volume":"130","author":"K Tone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tone K (2001) A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research 130(3):498\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00407-5","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"1741_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.05.004","volume":"197","author":"K Tone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tone K, Tsutsui M (2009) Network DEA: A Slacks Based Measurement Approach. European Journal of Operational Research 197:243\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.05.004","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2009.07.003","volume":"38","author":"K Tone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tone K, Tsutsui M (2010) Dynamic DEA: A slacks-based measure approach. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 38(3\u20134):145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omega.2009.07.003","journal-title":"Omega-International Journal of Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"1741_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2013.04.002","volume":"42","author":"K Tone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tone K, Tsutsui M (2014) Dynamic DEA with network structure: A slacks-based measure approach. Omega-International Journal of Management Science 42(1):124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omega.2013.04.002","journal-title":"Omega-International Journal of Management Science"},{"key":"1741_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tseng, C. H., Tsuang, B. J., Chiang, C. J., Ku, K. C., Tseng, J. S., Yang, T. Y., ... & Chang, G. C. (2019). The relationship between air pollution and lung cancer in nonsmokers in Taiwan.\u00a0Journal of Thoracic Oncology,\u00a014(5), 784\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.033"},{"key":"1741_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turner, M. C., Andersen, Z. J., Baccarelli, A., Diver, W. R., Gapstur, S. M., Pope III, C. A., ... & Cohen, A. (2020). Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 70(6), 460\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21632","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21632"},{"issue":"9","key":"1741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.066","volume":"40","author":"X Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang X, Mauzerall DL (2006) Evaluating impacts of air pollution in China on public health: implications for future air pollution and energy policies. Atmospheric Environment 40(9):1706\u20131721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.066","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"1741_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14513-7","volume":"7","author":"MC Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong MC, Lao XQ, Ho KF, Goggins WB, Tse SL (2017) Incidence and mortality of lung cancer: global trends and association with socioeconomic status. Scientific Reports 7(1):14300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-14513-7","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"1741_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128937","volume":"434","author":"Y Xue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xue Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y (2022) Air pollution: A culprit of lung cancer. Journal of Hazardous Materials 434:128937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128937","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.10.010","volume":"366","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wang S, Aunan K, Seip HM, Hao J (2006) Air pollution and lung cancer risks in China\u2014a meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 366(2\u20133):500\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.10.010","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"1741_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301537","volume":"19","author":"S Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong S, Fang YA, Jing H (2024) Evaluation the impact of electricity consumption on China\u2019s air pollution at the provincial level. Plos One 19(4):e0301537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301537","journal-title":"Plos One"}],"container-title":["EcoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T01:02:59Z","timestamp":1763427779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01741-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-9210"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1612-9210"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Appendix 1: The Average Efficiency of Inputs in the First Stage"}},{"order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Appendix 2: The Average Efficiency of Outputs in the First Stage"}},{"order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Appendix 3: The Average Efficiency of Inputs in the Second Stage"}},{"order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Appendix 4: The Average Efficiency of Outputs in the Second Stage"}}]}}