{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:34:05Z","timestamp":1785872045725,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EcoHealth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mounting evidence across multiple disciplines supports the health benefits of connection to nature. Although this trend suggests that the human-nature relationship is integral to health, its importance is often overlooked in clinical practice due, in part, to lack of consensus on its scope, limits, and terminology. To fill a needed gap, we developed a consensus statement on an inter-connectivity based view of health termed Ecological Medicine. The study recruited an expert working group and used modified Delphi technique and focus groups. The Ecological Medicine Working Group was directed toward Ecological Medicine consensus goals that included: (1) a consensus definition and framework, (2) priorities for practice, research, education, and policy, and (3) Ecological Medicine\u2019s implications. A consensus definition and framework for Ecological Medicine was reached, focusing on the importance of human inter-connections (to self, others, non-human species, and natural environment) in informing health understanding. Ecological Medicine suggests that healthcare should shift toward inter-connectivity, relationality, and health practices involving connection-based interventions, especially nature-based interventions. This framework may benefit research, practice, education, policy and other domains of healthcare by focusing on the importance and benefits of connectivity-based health interventions and on the inseparability of human health and planetary health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T04:44:32Z","timestamp":1761367472000},"page":"153-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Consensus Statement for Ecological Medicine: Moving Toward Connection-Based Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6493-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Makhinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Landon","family":"Pollack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"Hallowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor H.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1119-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay E.","family":"Maddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4110-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie Michael","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4494-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avik","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ecological Medicine Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison C.","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis J. Baumont","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Beachy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manijeh","family":"Berenji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya K.","family":"Bershad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna E.","family":"Bettman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Blumstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Branham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H. E. M.","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taimie L.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M. Calisi","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Chikamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziva D.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Cuff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina F.","family":"DeBonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Iacoboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina M.","family":"De Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey H.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Fortuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Gandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana S.","family":"Grigsby-Toussaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Grob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suma","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Jeffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurit D.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz C.","family":"Labate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Laffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieraona Low","family":"Dog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"McAnirlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"McCowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Natterson-Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ossola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa L.","family":"Penbrooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Pendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle V.","family":"Porche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica D.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Rokab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix E.","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Sisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Skalna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendelin","family":"Slusser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Sundermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Waconda","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Zasloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1757_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x","volume":"19","author":"MG Berman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berman MG, Jonides J, Kaplan S (2008) The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science 19:1207\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"1757_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060795","volume":"57","author":"K Block","year":"2019","unstructured":"Block K, Molyneaux R, Gibbs L, Alkemade N, Baker E, MacDougall C et al (2019) The role of the natural environment in disaster recovery: \u201cwe live here because we love the bush.\u201d Health Place 57:61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21060795","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1757_CR3","volume-title":"Delphi Process: A Methodology Used for the Elicitation of Opinions of Experts","author":"BB Brown","year":"1968","unstructured":"Brown BB (1968) Delphi Process: A Methodology Used for the Elicitation of Opinions of Experts. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation"},{"key":"1757_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030831","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030831","volume":"9","author":"C Brown-Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown-Johnson C, Schwartz R, Maitra A, Haverfield MC, Tierney A, Shaw JG et al (2019) What is clinician presence? A qualitative interview study comparing physician and non-physician insights about practices of human connection. BMJ Open 9:e030831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030831","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1757_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa066082","volume":"357","author":"NA Christakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2007) The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine 357:370\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa066082","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"1757_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1307.001","volume":"1026","author":"P Daszak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daszak P, Tabor GM, Kilpatrick AM, Epstein J, Plowright R (2004) Conservation medicine and a new agenda for emerging diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1307.001","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"1757_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071371","volume":"15","author":"JH Dean","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dean JH, Shanahan DF, Bush R, Gaston KJ, Lin BB, Barber E et al (2018) Is nature relatedness associated with better mental and physical health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15:1371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15071371","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health."},{"key":"1757_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","volume":"196","author":"GL Engel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Engel GL (1977) The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 196:129\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.847460","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1757_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10453","volume":"5","author":"HN Eyster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eyster HN, Satterfield T, Chan KMA (2023) Empirical examples demonstrate how relational thinking might enrich science and practice. People and Nature 5:455\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pan3.10453","journal-title":"People and Nature"},{"key":"1757_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1663","volume":"125","author":"H Frumkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frumkin H, Bratman GN, Breslow SJ, Cochran B, Kahn PH Jr, Lawler JJ et al (2017) Nature contact and human health: a research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives 125:075001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP1663","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"1757_CR11","first-page":"546","volume":"136","author":"JS Gordon","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gordon JS (1982) Holistic medicine: advances and shortcomings. Western Journal of Medicine 136:546\u2013551","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"1757_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"plv050","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plv050","volume":"7","author":"MA Gorzelak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW (2015) Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AoB Plants 7:plv050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aobpla\/plv050","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"1757_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.08.005","volume":"8","author":"K Hacker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hacker K (2024) The burden of chronic disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes 8:112\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.08.005","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes"},{"key":"1757_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000096","volume":"2","author":"C Hartwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hartwell C, Randazza JM, Bratman GN, Eisenman DP, Ellis B, Goodsell E et al (2023) Forest therapy as a trauma-informed approach to disaster recovery: insights from a wildfire-affected community. PLOS Climate 2:e0000096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000096","journal-title":"PLOS Climate"},{"key":"1757_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/20502877.2016.1151255","volume":"22","author":"J Herring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herring J (2016) Health as vulnerability; interdependence and relationality. The New Bioethics 22:18\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20502877.2016.1151255","journal-title":"The New Bioethics"},{"key":"1757_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives2020012","volume":"2","author":"A Irvine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Irvine A, Luke D, Harrild F, Gandy S, Watts R (2023) Transpersonal ecodelia: surveying psychedelically induced biophilia. Psychoactives 2:174\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/psychoactives2020012","journal-title":"Psychoactives"},{"key":"1757_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100076","volume":"8","author":"ML Jennings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jennings ML, Granger DA, Bryce CI, Twitchell D, Yeakel K, Teaford PA (2021) Effect of animal assisted interactions on activity and stress response in children in acute care settings. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology 8:100076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100076","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1757_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117532","volume":"365","author":"J John","year":"2025","unstructured":"John J, Castleden H (2025) \u201cBecause you love us as much as we love you\u201d: the role of community relationships in facilitating Indigenous engagement in healthcare. Social Science and Medicine 365:117532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117532","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"1757_CR19","unstructured":"Johnson RA (2013) Promoting one health: the University of Missouri Research Center for Human\/Animal Interaction. Mo Med 110):197\u2013200 Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6179839\/pdf\/ms110_p0197.pdf [Accessed July 15, 2025]"},{"key":"1757_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1038\/543S47a","volume":"543","author":"LH Kahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kahn LH (2017) Perspective: the one-health way. Nature 543:S47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/543S47a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1757_CR21","unstructured":"Kellert S, Case D, Escher D, Witter D, Mikels-Carrasco J, Seng P (2017) The nature of Americans: disconnection and recommendations for reconnection. Available: https:\/\/natureofamericans.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/Nature-of-Americans_National_Report_1.3_4-26-17.pdf\/ [Accessed June 25, 2025]"},{"key":"1757_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245147","volume":"16","author":"H Kettner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kettner H, Gandy S, Haijen EC, Carhart-Harris RL (2019) From egoism to ecoism: psychedelics increase nature relatedness in a state-mediated and context-dependent manner. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16:5147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16245147","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1757_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108367","volume":"127","author":"N Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar N, Oles W, Howell BA, Janmohamed K, Lee ST, Funaro MC et al (2021) The role of social network support in treatment outcomes for medication for opioid use disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 127:108367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108367","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"1757_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400196","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202400196","volume":"47","author":"M Levin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Levin M (2025) The multiscale wisdom of the body: collective intelligence as a tractable interface for next-generation biomedicine. Bioessays 47:e202400196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.202400196","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"1757_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9002","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5707-9","volume":"24","author":"AM Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li AM (2017) Ecological determinants of health: food and environment on human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24:9002\u20139015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-5707-9","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"1757_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.11.004","volume":"8","author":"D Lippman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lippman D, Stump M, Veazey E, Guimar\u00e3es ST, Rosenfeld R, Kelly JH et al (2024) Foundations of lifestyle medicine and its evolution. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes 8:97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.11.004","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes"},{"key":"1757_CR27","volume-title":"Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder","author":"R Louv","year":"2008","unstructured":"Louv R (2008) Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books"},{"key":"1757_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/426769a","volume":"426","author":"J Lovelock","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lovelock J (2003) Gaia: the living earth. Nature 426:769\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/426769a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1757_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101642","volume":"48","author":"OM Makram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makram OM, Nwana N, Nicolas JC, Gullapelli R, Pan A, Bose B et al (2023) Favorable neighborhood walkability is associated with lower burden of cardiovascular risk factors among patients within an integrated health system: the Houston methodist learning health system outpatient registry. Current Problems in Cardiology 48:101642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101642","journal-title":"Current Problems in Cardiology"},{"key":"1757_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2009.06.008","volume":"5","author":"V Maizes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maizes V, Rakel D, Niemiec C (2009) Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. EXPLORE 5:277\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2009.06.008","journal-title":"EXPLORE"},{"key":"1757_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/eco.2024.0046","volume":"16","author":"JE Maddock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maddock JE, Razani N (2024) Nature contact as a health behavior: steps to maturing the field. Ecopsychology 16:245\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/eco.2024.0046","journal-title":"Ecopsychology"},{"key":"1757_CR33","volume-title":"The Matter With Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions, and the Unmaking of the World","author":"I McGilchrist","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGilchrist I (2021) The Matter With Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions, and the Unmaking of the World. London: Perspectiva Press"},{"key":"1757_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15154","volume":"58","author":"A McKivett","year":"2024","unstructured":"McKivett A, Paul D (2024) Recreating the future\u2014Indigenous research paradigms in health professional education research. Medical Education 58:149\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.15154","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"1757_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.960726","volume":"5","author":"PO M\u00e9thot","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00e9thot PO, Alizon S (2014) What is a pathogen? Toward a process view of host-parasite interactions. Virulence 5:775\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/21505594.2014.960726","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"1757_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221094856","volume":"18","author":"M Monroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monroy M, Keltner D (2023) Awe as a pathway to mental and physical health. Perspectives on Psychological Science 18:309\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916221094856","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"1757_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4162","volume":"80","author":"PJ Na","year":"2023","unstructured":"Na PJ, Jeste DV, Pietrzak RH (2023) Social disconnection as a global behavioral epidemic-a call to action about a major health risk factor. JAMA Psychiatry 80:101\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4162","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1757_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00025-6","volume":"7","author":"PY Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen PY, Astell-Burt T, Rahimi-Ardabili H, Feng X (2023) Effect of nature prescriptions on cardiometabolic and mental health, and physical activity: a systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 7:e313\u2013e328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00025-6","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"1757_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198779636.001.0001","volume-title":"Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology","author":"DJ Nicholson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholson DJ, Dupre J (2018) Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"1757_CR39","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG) (2023) Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: the U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community. Available: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf [Accessed June 25, 2025]"},{"key":"1757_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-009-0086-9","volume":"15","author":"BJ Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park BJ, Tsunetsugu Y, Kasetani T, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y (2010) The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15:18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12199-009-0086-9","journal-title":"Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"1757_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_22","volume":"35","author":"A Patin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patin A, Scheele D, Hurlemann R (2018) Oxytocin and interpersonal relationships. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 35:389\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2017_22","journal-title":"Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences"},{"key":"1757_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2022.101879","volume":"83","author":"Y Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi Y, Chen Q, Lin F, Liu Q, Zhang X, Guo J et al (2022) Comparative study on birdsong and its multi-sensory combinational effects on physio-psychological restoration. Journal of Environmental Psychology 83:101879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2022.101879","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"1757_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00277-8","volume":"8","author":"N Redvers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Redvers N, Lockhart F, Zoe JB, Nashalik R, McDonald D, Norwegian G et al (2024) (2024) Indigenous Elders\u2019 voices on health-systems change informed by planetary health: a qualitative and relational systems mapping inquiry. Lancet Planet Health 8:e1106\u2013e1117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00277-8","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"1757_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2021.2006594","volume":"50","author":"M Richardson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richardson M, Butler CW (2021) Nature connectedness and biophilic design. Building Research & Information 50:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09613218.2021.2006594","journal-title":"Building Research & Information"},{"key":"1757_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052563","volume":"18","author":"A Rigolon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rigolon A, Browning MHEM, McAnirlin O, Yoon H (2021) Green space and health equity: a systematic review on the potential of green space to reduce health disparities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:2563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18052563","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1757_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.quant-ph\/9609002","volume":"35","author":"C Rovelli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rovelli C (1996) Relational quantum mechanics. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 35:1637\u20131678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.quant-ph\/9609002","journal-title":"International Journal of Theoretical Physics"},{"key":"1757_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010056","volume":"17","author":"MF Schebella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schebella MF, Weber D, Schultz L, Weinstein P (2019) The nature of reality: human stress recovery during exposure to biodiverse, multisensory virtual environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17010056","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1757_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2374","volume":"126","author":"N Seltenrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seltenrich N (2018) Down to earth: the emerging field of planetary health. Environmental Health Perspective 126:072001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP2374","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspective"},{"key":"1757_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643221087807","volume":"34","author":"K Shartle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shartle K, Yang YC, Richman LS, Belsky DW, Aiello AE, Harris KM (2022) Social relationships, wealth, and cardiometabolic risk: evidence from a national longitudinal study of U.S. older adults. Journal of Aging and Health 34:1048\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08982643221087807","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"1757_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.11.013","volume":"73","author":"SA Sherman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sherman SA, Varni JW, Ulrich RS, Malcarne VL (2005) Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center. Landscape and Urban Planning 73:167\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.11.013","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"1757_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-023-00434-5","volume":"22","author":"DJ Siegel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegel DJ, Drulis C (2023) An interpersonal neurobiology perspective on the mind and mental health: personal, public, and planetary well-being. Annals of General Psychiatry 22:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-023-00434-5","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"1757_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.11.007","volume":"5","author":"M Soga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soga M, Gaston KJ, Yamaura Y (2016) Gardening is beneficial for health: a meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports 5:92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.11.007","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"1757_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143402","volume":"224","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ulrich RS (1984) View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 224:420\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.6143402","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1757_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","volume":"11","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ulrich RS, Simons RF, Losito BD, Fiorito E, Miles MA, Zelson M (1991) Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology 11:201\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"1757_CR55","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (2025) Climate change and the health of Indigenous populations. Available: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climateimpacts\/climate-change-and-health-indigenous-populations [Accessed August 22, 2025]"},{"key":"1757_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-022-09658-5","volume":"34","author":"DA Vella-Brodrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vella-Brodrick DA, Gilowska K (2022) Effects of nature (greenspace) on cognitive functioning in school children and adolescents: a systematic review. Educational Psychology Review 34:1217\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-022-09658-5","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"1757_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5","volume":"239","author":"R Watts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watts R, Kettner H, Geerts D, Gandy S, Kartner L, Mertens L, et al. (2022) The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world. Psychopharmacology 239:3461\u20133483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1757_CR57","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) Fact sheet on mental disorders. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders [Accessed July 2, 2025]"},{"key":"1757_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152513","volume":"817","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Bao WW, Yang BY, Liang JH, Gui ZH, Huang S et al (2022) Association between greenspace and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 817:152513","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"}],"container-title":["EcoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1771991374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-025-01757-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-9210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-9210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Michael Makhinson owns equity in 2A Biosciences, Bionaut, Rejuveron, People Science, Hypothermia Devices, Blackrock Neuroscience, Paradromics, Apollo Neurosciences, and TRIPP VR. Conor Murray is the founder of Psynautics Institute.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}