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We assessed hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in wild New World primates from two Brazilian Amazon regions: an anthropogenically impacted area in southwestern Amazonia (Rondonia and Mato Grosso states) and a remote, minimally impacted area along the upper Japur\u00e1 River (Amazonas state). Blood or liver samples from 88 primates representing 28 species were examined for HBV. HBV was detected in 17 of 49 primates (34.7%) from disturbed areas but in none of the 39 primates from the remote site. Human population density significantly predicted infection, and viral genotypes matched locally circulating human HBV strains, supporting human-to-primate spillover driven by deforestation and encroachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-026-01787-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T16:35:19Z","timestamp":1775234119000},"page":"392-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Report of Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Wild Neotropical Primates"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jean P.","family":"Boubli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani Rocha","family":"El Bizri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan F.","family":"Botelho-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Gubili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa da S.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy C.","family":"Burch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariluce R.","family":"Messias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcione de O.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz S.","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 V. 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