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The current longitudinal environmental survey investigated the temporal detection of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    at a major recreational park and explored whether the presence of a flying-fox (\n                    <jats:italic>Pteropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) camp affects soil\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection. From February to October 2024, environmental samples and voided faecal samples (flying-fox faeces, and goose faeces as controls) were collected from Centennial Park, Sydney. The samples were tested by a diagnostic 16S rRNA TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, and time series of the monthly minimum cycle threshold (Ct) values were generated to assess cross-correlation. Over the nine-month study period, pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    was consistently detected in soil and water samples. Despite not being a known reservoir of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    , three voided goose faecal samples tested qPCR-positive (Ct 38.22\u201338.84). There was no difference in qPCR results of soil collected from the flying-fox camp and another nearby location. The water Ct time series was not correlated with monthly precipitation, but was positively cross-correlated with the Ct time series of soil collected at the flying-fox camp one month prior. Overall, the results suggested temporal ubiquity of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    at this park. No direct evidence of flying-foxes\u2019 contribution to the environmental\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    burden at the park was uncovered, but mechanical movement of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    between soil and water, and the role of birds as mechanical vectors, need further research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-026-01845-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:15:25Z","timestamp":1789571725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Survey of Pathogenic Leptospira Species at a Major Park in Sydney, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Griebsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813001465","volume":"142","author":"SB Agampodi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agampodi SB, Karunarathna D, Jayathilala N, Rathnayaka H, Agampodi TC, Karunanayaka L (2014) Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka? 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