{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1791266168167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Anna Ahrenberg Foundation","award":["22012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Ageing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-rated health is one of the most used measures of subjective health in research. At the same time, it presents several methodological challenges. Self-rated health requires individuals to translate their complex, multifaceted health experiences into a single response on the self-rated health scale. When different groups interpret and rate their health differently e.g. by gender or birth cohorts, the risk of misinterpretation increases. Older adults tend to rate their health as good or very good despite the increasing physical degeneration associated with ageing. To address these challenges, the anchoring vignette method was developed to improve the comparability of survey responses. In this study, anchoring vignettes were used to investigate the association between demographic and health-related predictors and both unadjusted and adjusted self-rated health in later life. Data were collected through the Swedish Citizen Panel; a total of 4,300 individuals aged 60\u201385 were invited, stratified by age and sex. 3,083 participants completed more than 80% of the questionnaire. The associations between demographic and health-related factors and self-rated health changed between the unadjusted and adjusted analyses. In the unadjusted analysis, women reported better health than men; this reversed in the CHOPIT model. After adjustment, there was no significant association between self-rated health and age or educational level. Living with others remained positively associated with self-rated health, whereas dependency in daily activities, number of diseases, and somatic symptoms remained negatively associated. We conclude that anchoring vignettes can be a suitable tool for evaluating self-rated health in later life and a valuable addition to simpler, traditional approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:33:17Z","timestamp":1791264797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of self-rated health in older adults: insights from an anchoring vignettes study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2043-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Thune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Falk Erhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3444-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Ingeborg","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0564-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Solevid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.05.014","volume":"73","author":"S Aarts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aarts S, van den Akker M, Bosma H, Tan F, Verhey F, Metsemakers J, van Boxtel M (2012) The effect of multimorbidity on health related functioning: temporary or persistent? Results from a longitudinal cohort study. J Psychosom Res 73(3):211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.05.014","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"9836","key":"952_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2","volume":"380","author":"K Barnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B (2012) Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet (British Edition) 380(9836):37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2","journal-title":"The Lancet (British Edition)"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200005000-00009","volume":"62","author":"Y Benyamini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benyamini Y, Leventhal EA, Leventhal H (2000) Gender differences in processing information for making self-assessments of health. Psychosom Med 62(3):354\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-200005000-00009","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"952_CR4","volume-title":"Field Report SU86 \u2013 2024","author":"A Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m A, Cassel F, Ekstr\u00f6m T, Garcia-Nilsson A, Wessman F (2024) Field Report SU86 \u2013 2024. University of Gothenburg, The SOM Institute, Gothenburg"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/19375867221085603","volume":"15","author":"ESL Cheung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheung ESL, Mui AC (2022) Do home and community environments explain self-rated health among older Canadians? Evidence from the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey. HERD 15(3):112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19375867221085603","journal-title":"HERD"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464812471894","volume":"34","author":"DO Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark DO, Stump TE, Tu W, Miller DK (2015) Improving the validity of activity of daily living dependency risk assessment. J Appl Gerontol 34(3):329\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464812471894","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.46.4.875","volume":"46","author":"TB d\u2019 Uva","year":"2011","unstructured":"d\u2019Uva TB, Lindeboom M, O\u2019Donnell O, van Doorslaer E (2011) Slipping anchor?: testing the vignettes approach to identification and correction of reporting heterogeneity. J Hum Resour 46(4):875\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/jhr.46.4.875","journal-title":"J Hum Resour"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2009.11.007","volume":"27","author":"N Datta Gupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Datta Gupta N, Kristensen N, Pozzoli D (2010) External validation of the use of vignettes in cross-country health studies. Econ Model 27(4):854\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2009.11.007","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x","volume":"21","author":"KB DeSalvo","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeSalvo KB, Bloser N, Reynolds K, He J, Muntner P (2006) Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question: a meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine\u202f: JGIM 21(3):267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine : JGIM"},{"key":"952_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dowd JB and Todd M. (2011). Does Self-reported Health Bias the Measurement of Health Inequalities in U.S. Adults? Evidence Using Anchoring Vignettes From the Health and Retirement Study.\u00a0The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,\u00a066(4), 478\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbr050","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr050"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035012","volume":"10","author":"M Feenstra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feenstra M, van Munster BC, MacNeil Vroomen JL, de Rooij SE, Smidt N (2020) Trajectories of self-rated health in an older general population and their determinants: the Lifelines Cohort Study. BMJ Open 10(2):e035012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks031","volume":"23","author":"H Galenkamp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galenkamp H, Braam AW, Huisman M, Deeg DJH (2013) Seventeen-year time trend in poor self-rated health in older adults: changing contributions of chronic diseases and disability. Eur J Public Health 23(3):511\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cks031","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12179","volume":"174","author":"B Gierk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gierk B, Kohlmann S, Kroenke K, Spangenberg L, Zenger M, Br\u00e4hler E, L\u00f6we B (2014) The Somatic Symptom Scale\u20138 (SSS-8): a brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Intern Med 174(3):399\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12179","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx048","volume":"73","author":"H Grol-Prokopczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grol-Prokopczyk H (2017) In pursuit of anchoring vignettes that work: evaluating generality versus specificity in vignette texts. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 73(1):54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbx048","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510396713","volume":"52","author":"H Grol-Prokopczyk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grol-Prokopczyk H, Freese J, Hauser RM (2011) Using anchoring vignettes to assess group differences in general self-rated health. J Health Soc Behav 52(2):246\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146510396713","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"952_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grol-Prokopczyk H. (2014). Age and sex effects in anchoring vignette studies: Methodological and empirical contributions. Survey Research Methods, 8(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18148\/srm\/2014.v8i1.5133","DOI":"10.18148\/srm\/2014.v8i1.5133"},{"key":"952_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falk Erhag H, Wetterberg H, Johansson L, Ryd\u00e9n L, Skoog I (2021) Activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability in Swedish 85-year-olds born three decades apart\u2014findings from the H70 study, Age and Ageing, Volume 50(6), 2031\u20132037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afab112","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab112"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-022-00709-y","volume":"19","author":"T Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen T, Blekesaune M (2022) The age and well-being \u201cparadox\u201d: a longitudinal and multidimensional reconsideration. Eur J Ageing 19(4):1277\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-022-00709-y","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3275\/6932","volume":"23","author":"E Heikkinen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heikkinen E, Kauppinen M, Rantanen T, Leinonen R, Lyyra T-M, Suutama T, Heikkinen R-L (2011) Cohort differences in health, functioning and physical activity in the young-old Finnish population. Aging Clin Exp Res 23(2):126\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/6932","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"952_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264314535634","volume":"26","author":"S Hirve","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirve S, Verdes E, Lele P, Juvekar S, Blomstedt Y, Tollman S, Wall S, Chatterji S, Ng N (2014) Evaluating reporting heterogeneity in self-rated health among adults aged 50 years and above in India: an anchoring vignettes analytic approach. J Aging Health 26(6):1015\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264314535634","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"952_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S289","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/48.6.S289","volume":"48","author":"EL Idler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Idler EL (1993) Age differences in self-assessments of health: age changes, cohort differences, or survivorship? Journal of Gerontology (Kirkwood) 48(6):S289\u2013S300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/48.6.S289","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology (Kirkwood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/2955359","volume":"38","author":"EL Idler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Idler EL, Benyamini Y (1997) Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. J Health Soc Behav 38(1):21\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2955359","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1134","volume":"16","author":"H J\u00fcerges","year":"2007","unstructured":"J\u00fcerges H (2007) True health vs response styles: exploring cross-country differences in self-reported health. Health Econ 16(2):163\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1134","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1806","volume":"22","author":"H J\u00fcrges","year":"2013","unstructured":"J\u00fcrges H, Winter J (2013) Are anchoring vignettes ratings sensitive to vignette age and sex? Health Econ 22(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1806","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.05.013","volume":"69","author":"M Jylh\u00e4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jylh\u00e4 M (2009) What is self-rated health and why does it predict mortality? Towards a unified conceptual model. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 69(3):307\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.05.013","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"10","key":"952_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M609","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M609","volume":"56","author":"M Jylh\u00e4","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jylh\u00e4 M, Guralnik JM, Balfour J, Fried LP (2001) Walking difficulty, walking speed, and age as predictors of self-rated health: the Women\u2019s Health and Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56(10):M609\u2013M617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M609","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"952_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643231164739","volume":"36","author":"T Kek\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kek\u00e4l\u00e4inen T, Koivunen K, Pynn\u00f6nen K, Portegijs E, Rantanen T (2024) Cohort differences in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in 75- and 80-year-olds: a comparison of two cohorts 28 years apart. J Aging Health 36(1\u20132):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08982643231164739","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpl011","volume":"15","author":"G King","year":"2007","unstructured":"King G, Wand J (2007) Comparing incomparable survey responses: evaluating and selecting anchoring vignettes. Polit Anal 15(1):46\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pan\/mpl011","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"952_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055403000881","volume":"97","author":"G King","year":"2003","unstructured":"King G, Murray CJL, Salomon JA, Tandon A (2003) Enhancing the validity and cross-cultural comparability of measurement in survey research. Am Polit Sci Rev 97(4):567\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055403000881","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"952_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00249-5","volume":"52","author":"R Leinonen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leinonen R, Heikkinen E, Jylh\u00e4 M (2001) Predictors of decline in self-assessments of health among older people \u2014 a 5-year longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 52(9):1329\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00249-5","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05983-w","volume":"25","author":"AK Pedersen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pedersen AK, Ernstsen L (2025) Instrumental activities of daily living and self-rated health in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the HUNT study (HUNT4 Trondheim 70+). BMC Geriatr 25(1):334\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05983-w","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"952_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15011-4","volume":"23","author":"SP Phillips","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phillips SP, O\u2019Connor M, Vafaei A (2023) Women suffer but men die: survey data exploring whether this self-reported health paradox is real or an artefact of gender stereotypes. BMC Public Health 23:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15011-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"952_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291661","volume":"18","author":"R Ping","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ping R, Oshio T (2023) Educational inequalities in self-rated health and their mediators in late adulthood: comparison of China and Japan. PLoS ONE 18(9):e0291661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291661","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"952_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187823","volume":"12","author":"S Pinillos-Franco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinillos-Franco S, Garc\u00eda-Prieto C (2017) The gender gap in self-rated health and education in Spain. A multilevel analysis. PLoS ONE 12(12):e0187823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187823","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14569-9","volume":"22","author":"A Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha A, Rahaman M, Mandal B, Biswas S, Govil D (2022) Rural urban differences in self-rated health among older adults: examining the role of marital status and living arrangements. BMC Public Health 22(1):2175\u20132215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14569-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7434","key":"952_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.37963.691632.44","volume":"328","author":"JA Salomon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salomon JA, Tandon A, Murray CJL (2004) Comparability of self rated health: cross sectional multi-country survey using anchoring vignettes. BMJ 328(7434):258\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.37963.691632.44","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"952_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1159\/000539759","volume":"70","author":"LA Schaap","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schaap LA, Sialino LD, de la Court F, van Oostrom SH, Picavet HSJ, Verschuren WMM, Visser M, Wijnhoven HAH (2024) Self-rated health among older adults: longitudinal analyses examining sex differences across different birth cohorts and educational levels. Gerontology (Basel) 70(9):962\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000539759","journal-title":"Gerontology (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039111","volume":"30","author":"SM Spuling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spuling SM, Wurm S, Tesch-R\u00f6mer C, Huxhold O (2015) Changing predictors of self-rated health: disentangling age and cohort effects. Psychol Aging 30(2):462\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039111","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"952_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbv057","volume":"72","author":"SM Spuling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spuling SM, Huxhold O, Wurm S (2017) Predictors of self-rated health: does education play a role above and beyond age? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 72(3):415\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbv057","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"952_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01507-1","volume":"32","author":"VS Straatmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Straatmann VS, Vetrano DL, Fratiglioni L, Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga A (2020) Disease or function? What matters most for self-rated health in older people depends on age. Aging Clin Exp Res 32(8):1591\u20131594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01507-1","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05923-8","volume":"25","author":"K Th\u00f6rnqvist","year":"2025","unstructured":"Th\u00f6rnqvist K, Johansson L, Solev\u00edd M, Berg AI, Skoog I, Falk Erhag H (2025) Age-related changes in factors associated with self-rated health in Swedish older adults\u2013 findings from the Gothenburg H70 study cohort born 1930. BMC Geriatr 25(1):275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05923-8","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"952_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X15000227","volume":"36","author":"FV Wheaton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheaton FV, Crimmins EM (2016) Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability. Ageing Soc 36(6):1136\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X15000227","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02807-z","volume":"22","author":"C Whitmore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitmore C, Markle-Reid M, McAiney C, Ploeg J, Griffith LE, Phillips SP, Wister A, Fisher K (2022) Self-reported health and the well-being paradox among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). BMC Geriatr 22(1):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-02807-z","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"952_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.06.019","volume":"187","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zajacova A, Huzurbazar S, Todd M (2017) Gender and the structure of self-rated health across the adult life span. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 187:58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.06.019","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"1","key":"952_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14596-7","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Sun S, Jin Z (2025) Leisure activities indirectly affect depression in older Chinese adults through activities of daily living and self-rated health. Sci Rep 15(1):28481\u201328487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14596-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Ageing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:47:19Z","timestamp":1791265639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-026-00952-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-9372","1613-9380"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-9372","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-9380","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Etikpr\u00f6vningsmyndigheten). Reference numbers: 2023-06022-01, 2024-06129-02.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent when included in the Swedish Citizen Panel. When invited to this study, participants were informed about the project and required to provide electronic consent before proceeding. Participation was voluntary, and only individuals who had accepted the participation terms and provided study\u2011specific consent were invited to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"39"}}