{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:51:29Z","timestamp":1790293889151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>World Rugby employs a specific drop test method to evaluate headgear performance, but almost all researchers use a different variation of this method. The aim of this study was, therefore, to quantify the differences between variations of the drop testing method using a Hybrid III headform and neck in the following impact setups: (1) headform only, with a flat steel impact surface, approximating the World Rugby method, (2 and 3) headform with and without a neck, respectively, onto a flat MEP pad impact surface, and (4) headform and neck, dropped onto an angled MEP pad impact surface. Each variation was subject to drop heights of 75\u2013600\u00a0mm across three orientations (forehead, side, and rear boss). Comparisons were limited to the linear and rotational acceleration and rotational velocity for simplicity. Substantial differences in kinematic profile shape manifested between all drop test variations. Peak accelerations varied highly between variations, but the peak rotational velocities did not. Drop test variation also significantly changed the ratios of the peak kinematics to each other. This information can be compared to kinematic data from field head impacts and could inform more realistic impact testing methods for assessing headgear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T20:02:30Z","timestamp":1661371350000},"page":"1633-1647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Drop Test Kinematics Using Varied Impact Surfaces and Head\/Neck Configurations for Rugby Headgear Testing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Danyon","family":"Stitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kabaliuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580309879","volume":"4","author":"M Aare","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aare, M. and P. Halldin. A new laboratory rig for evaluating helmets subject to oblique impacts. Traffic Inj. Prev. 4(3):240\u2013248, 2003.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"3045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02785-0","volume":"49","author":"F Abayazid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abayazid, F., K. Ding, K. Zimmerman, H. Stigson, and M. Ghajari. A new assessment of bicycle helmets: the brain injury mitigation effects of new technologies in oblique impacts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(10):2716\u20132733, 2021.","journal-title":"Annals of biomedical engineering"},{"key":"3045_CR3","unstructured":"Bland, M. L., C. McNally, and S. Rowson. Headform and neck effects on dynamic response in bicycle helmet oblique impact testing. In Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference. Athens, Greece, pp. 413\u2013423, 2018."},{"key":"3045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.12.017","volume":"124","author":"E Bliven","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bliven, E., A. Rouhier, S. Tsai, R. Willinger, N. Bourdet, C. Deck, S. M. Madey, and M. Bottlang. Evaluation of a novel bicycle helmet concept in oblique impact testing. Accid. Anal. Prev., 124:58\u201365, 2019.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02328-8","volume":"48","author":"M Bottlang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bottlang, M., A. Rouhier, S. Tsai, J. Gregoire, and S. M. Madey. Impact performance comparison of advanced bicycle helmets with dedicated rotation-damping systems. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(1), 68\u201378, 2020.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00135-4","volume":"34","author":"DRS Bradshaw","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradshaw, D. R. S., J. Ivarsson, C.L.\u00a0Morfey, and D.\u00a0C. Viano. Simulation of acute subdural hematoma and diffuse axonal injury in coronal head impact. J. Biomech. 34(1):85\u201394, 2001.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3045_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.01.034","volume":"45","author":"EL Breedlove","year":"2012","unstructured":"Breedlove, E. L., M. Robinson, T. M. Talavage, K. E. Morigaki, U. Yoruk, K. O\u2019Keefe, J. King, L. J. Leverenz, J. W. Gilger, and E.A. Nauman. Biomechanical correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurophysiological impairment in high school football. J. of Biomech. 45(7):1265\u20131272, 2012.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics"},{"key":"3045_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3816-2_17","volume":"1462","author":"DK Cullen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cullen, D.\u00a0K., J.\u00a0P. Harris, K.\u00a0D. Browne, J.\u00a0A. Wolf, J.\u00a0E. Duda, D.\u00a0F. Meaney, S.\u00a0S. Margulies, and D.\u00a0H. Smith. A porcine model of traumatic brain injury via head rotational acceleration. Methods Mol. Biol. 1462:289\u2013324, 2016.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3045_CR9","first-page":"691","volume":"34","author":"DE Denny-Brown","year":"1941","unstructured":"Denny-Brown, D. E. and W. R. Russell. Experimental concussion: (section of neurology). Proc. R. Soc. Med. 34(11), 691\u2013692, 1941.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"3045_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5567625","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5567625","volume":"2021","author":"N Draper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Draper, N., N. Kabaliuk, D. Stitt, and K. Alexander. Potential of soft-shelled rugby headgear to reduce linear impact accelerations. J. Healthc. Eng. 2021:5567625, 2021.","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Engineering"},{"key":"3045_CR11","unstructured":"EN 960:2006. Headforms for use in the testing of protective helmets, June 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000361","volume":"4","author":"ERA Frizzell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frizzell, E. R. A., G. P. Arnold, W. Wang, R. J. Abboud, and T. S. Drew. Comparison of branded rugby headguards on their effectiveness in reducing impact on the head. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 4(1):e000361, 2018.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"3045_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097301","volume":"51","author":"CW Fuller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuller, C. W., A. Taylor, and M. Raftery. 2016 rio olympics: an epidemiological study of the men\u2019s and women\u2019s rugby-7s tournaments. Br. J. Sports Med. 51(17), 1272\u20131278, 2017.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000464","volume":"4","author":"M Ganly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ganly, M. and J. M. McMahon. New generation of headgear for rugby: impact reduction of linear and rotational forces by a viscoelastic material-based rugby head guard. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 4(1):e000464, 2018.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3045_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093102","volume":"49","author":"A Gardner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gardner, A., G. L. Iverson, C. R. Levi, P. W. Schofield, F. Kay-Lambkin, R. M. Kohler, and P. Stanwell. A systematic review of concussion in rugby league. Br. J. Sports Med. 49(8), 495\u2013498, 2015.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0233-3","volume":"44","author":"AJ Gardner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gardner, A. J., G. L. Iverson, W. H. Williams, S. Baker, and P. Stanwell. A systematic review and meta-analysis of concussion in rugby union. Sports Med. 44(12), 1717\u20131731, 2014.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"3045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A., L. E. Thibault, and A. K. Ommaya. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. SAE Technical Paper 720970, 1972.","DOI":"10.4271\/720970"},{"issue":"8","key":"3045_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7281","volume":"38","author":"K Ghazi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghazi, K., S. Wu, W. Zhao, and S. Ji. Instantaneous whole-brain strain estimation in dynamic head impact. J. Neurotrauma 38(8), 1023\u20131035, 2021.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"3045_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390802438763","volume":"8","author":"GM Gimbel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gimbel, G. M. and T. B. Hoshizaki. Compressive properties of helmet materials subjected to dynamic impact loading of various energies. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 8(6), 341\u2013349, 2008.","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"3045_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306103.68635.1a","volume":"61","author":"KM Guskiewicz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guskiewicz, K.\u00a0M., J.\u00a0P. Mihalik, V. Shankar, S.\u00a0W. Marshall, D.\u00a0H. Crowell, S.\u00a0M. Oliaro, M.\u00a0F. Ciocca, and D.\u00a0N. Hooker. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion. Neurosurgery 61(6):1244\u20131253, 2007.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"3045_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2011.08.061","volume":"50","author":"Sharief Hendricks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hendricks, S., E. Jordaan, and M. Lambert. Attitude and behaviour of junior rugby union players towards tackling during training and match play. Saf. Sci. 50(2):266\u2013284, 2012.","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"3045_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1212-4","volume":"43","author":"F Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hernandez, F., L.\u00a0C Wu, M.\u00a0C Yip, K. Laksari, A.\u00a0R Hoffman, J.\u00a0R Lopez, G.\u00a0A Grant, S. Kleiven, and D.\u00a0B Camarillo. Six degree-of-freedom measurements of human mild traumatic brain injury. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 43(8):1918\u20131934, 2015.","journal-title":"Annals of biomedical engineering"},{"issue":"6267","key":"3045_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)87453-X","volume":"242","author":"AHS Holbourn","year":"1943","unstructured":"Holbourn, A. H. S.. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 242(6267):438\u2013441, 1943.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"3045_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2022.100046","volume":"3","author":"S Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji, S., S. Wu, and W. Zhao. Dynamic characteristics of impact-induced brain strain in the corpus callosum. Brain Multiphys. 3:100046, 2022.","journal-title":"Brain Multiphysics"},{"issue":"8","key":"3045_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1193-3","volume":"43","author":"S Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, S. and W. Zhao. A pre-computed brain response atlas for instantaneous strain estimation in contact sports. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 43(8):1877\u20131895, 2015.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"3045_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-014-0562-z","volume":"13","author":"S Ji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ji, S., W. Zhao, Z. Li, and T.\u00a0W McAllister. Head impact accelerations for brain strain-related responses in contact sports: a model-based investigation. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 13(5):1121\u20131136, 2014.","journal-title":"Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0414-2","volume":"40","author":"H Kimpara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kimpara, H. and M. Iwamoto. Mild traumatic brain injury predictors based on angular accelerations during impacts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(1):114\u2013126, 2012.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"3045_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514560876","volume":"43","author":"D King","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. King, P. A. Hume, M. Brughelli, and C. Gissane. Instrumented mouthguard acceleration analyses for head impacts in amateur rugby union players over a season of matches. Am. J. Sports Med. 43(3):614\u2013624, 2015.","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.PEDS15605","volume":"18","author":"DA King","year":"2016","unstructured":"King, D.\u00a0A., P.\u00a0A. Hume, C. Gissane, and T.\u00a0N Clark. Similar head impact acceleration measured using instrumented ear patches in a junior rugby union team during matches in comparison with other sports. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. 18(1):65\u201372, 2016.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.7.PEDS1684","volume":"19","author":"D King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King, D., P. Hume, C. Gissane, and T. Clark. Head impacts in a junior rugby league team measured with a wireless head impact sensor: an exploratory analysis. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. 19(1):13\u201323, 2017.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jsmt.1001003","volume":"2","author":"D King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King, D., P. Hume, C. Gissane, C. Cummins, and T. Clark. Measurement of head impacts in a senior amateur rugby league team with an instrumented patch: exploratory analysis. ARC J. Res. Sports Med. 2(1):9\u201320, 2017.","journal-title":"ARC Journal of Research in Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"3045_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.10.026","volume":"21","author":"DA King","year":"2018","unstructured":"King, D. A., P. A. Hume, C. Gissane, D. C. Kieser, and T. N. Clark. Head impact exposure from match participation in women\u2019s rugby league over one season of domestic competition. J. Sci. Med. Sport 21(2), 139\u2013146, 2018.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"3045_CR33","first-page":"330","volume":"38","author":"CL Knouse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knouse, C. L., T. E. Gould, S. V. Caswell, and R. G. Deivert. Efficacy of rugby headgear in attenuating repetitive linear impact forces. J. Athl. Train. 38(4): 330\u2013335, 2003.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"3045_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2020.100015","volume":"1","author":"AK Knutsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knutsen, A.\u00a0K., A.\u00a0D. Gomez, M. Gangolli, W.-T. Wang, D. Chan, Y.-C. Lu, E. Christoforou, J.\u00a0L. Prince, P.\u00a0V. Bayly, J.\u00a0A. Butman, and D.\u00a0L. Pham. In vivo estimates of axonal stretch and 3d brain deformation during mild head impact. Brain Multiphys., 1:100015, 2020.","journal-title":"Brain Multiphysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329960","volume":"21","author":"TO KvaLseth","year":"1983","unstructured":"KvaLseth, T.\u00a0O. Note on the $$R^{2}$$ measure of goodness of fit for nonlinear models. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 21(1):79\u201380, 1983.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"issue":"10","key":"3045_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02855-3","volume":"49","author":"Y Levy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levy, Y., K. Bian, L. Patterson, R. Ouckama, and H. Mao. Head kinematics and injury metrics for laboratory hockey-relevant head impact experiments. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(10):2914\u20132923, 2021.","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"3045_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., A. G. Domel, N.\u00a0J. Cecchi, E. Rice, A.\u00a0A. Callan, S.\u00a0J. Raymond, Z. Zhou, X. Zhan, M. Zeineh, G. Grant, et\u00a0al. Time window of head impact kinematics measurement for calculation of brain strain and strain rate in American football. arXiv preprint, 2021. arXiv:2102.05728.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02821-z"},{"key":"3045_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, R., Jr. Lopez, V., M.\u00a0G. Weinstein, J.\u00a0L. Chen, C.\u00a0M. Black, A.\u00a0T. Gupta, J.\u00a0D. Harbst, C.\u00a0Victoria, and A.\u00a0A. Allen. Injury profile of American women\u2019s rugby-7s. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 48(10):1957\u20131966, 2016.","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000997"},{"issue":"3","key":"3045_CR39","first-page":"334","volume":"36","author":"SW Marshall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marshall, S. W., and R. J. Spencer. Concussion in rugby: the hidden epidemic. J. Athl. Train. 36(3), 334\u2013338, 2001.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000438220.16190.42","volume":"82","author":"TW McAllister","year":"2014","unstructured":"McAllister, T. W., J.\u00a0C. Ford, L.\u00a0A. Flashman, A. Maerlender, R.\u00a0M. Greenwald, J.\u00a0G. Beckwith, R.\u00a0P. Bolander, T.\u00a0D. Tosteson, J.\u00a0H. Turco, and R. Raman, et\u00a0al. Effect of head impacts on diffusivity measures in a cohort of collegiate contact sport athletes. Neurology 82(1):63\u201369, 2014.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3045_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.727217","volume":"14","author":"AS McIntosh","year":"2013","unstructured":"McIntosh, A. S., A. Lai, and E. Schilter. Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests. Traffic Inj. Prev. 14(5):501\u2013508, 2013.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.003103","volume":"38","author":"A McIntosh","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. McIntosh, A., P. McCrory, and C. F. Finch. Performance enhanced headgear: a scientific approach to the development of protective headgear. Br. J. Sports Med. 38(1):46\u201349, 2004.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3045_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596711559619","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115596194","volume":"3","author":"IS Moore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moore, I. S., C. Ranson, and P. Mathema. Injury risk in international rugby union: three-year injury surveillance of the welsh national team. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 3(7):2325967115596194, 2015.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"3045_CR44","first-page":"215","volume":"44","author":"JA Newman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newman, J.\u00a0A., N.\u00a0Shewchenko, and E.\u00a0Welbourne. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function - the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 44:215\u2013247, 2000.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"3045_CR45","unstructured":"NOCSAE. Standard performance specification for newly manufactured football helmets, 2017."},{"key":"3045_CR46","unstructured":"Oeur, R. A. and T. B. Hoshizaki. The effect of impact compliance, velocity, and location in predicting brain trauma for falls in sport. In Proceedings of the IRCOBI 2016 Conference International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury, Malaga, Spain, pp. 14\u201316, 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"3045_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3423640","volume":"42","author":"AJ Padgaonkar","year":"1975","unstructured":"Padgaonkar, A. J., K. W. Krieger, and A. I. King. Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers. J. Appl. Mech. 42(3):552\u2013556, 1975.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Mechanics"},{"issue":"5","key":"3045_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0731-0","volume":"41","author":"S Rowson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rowson, S., and S.\u00a0M. Duma. Brain injury prediction: assessing the combined probability of concussion using linear and rotational head acceleration. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 41(5):873\u2013882, 2013.","journal-title":"Annals of biomedical engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0392-4","volume":"40","author":"S Rowson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rowson, S., S. M. Duma, J. G. Beckwith, J. J. Chu, R. M. Greenwald, J. J. Crisco, P. G. Brolinson, A. C. Duhaime, T. W. McAllister, and A. C. Maerlender. Rotational head kinematics in football impacts: an injury risk function for concussion. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(1):1\u201313, 2012.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3045_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.03.013","volume":"92","author":"D Sahoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sahoo, D., C. Deck, and R. Willinger. Brain injury tolerance limit based on computation of axonal strain. Accid. Anal. Prev. 92:53\u201370, 2016.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"3045_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.046672","volume":"42","author":"DM Schick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schick, D. M. M. G. Molloy, and J. P. Wiley. Injuries during the 2006 women\u2019s rugby world cup. Br. J. Sports Med. 42(6):447\u2013451, 2008.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"3045_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.02.046","volume":"388","author":"D Silver","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silver, S., N. Brown, and C. Gissane. Reported concussion incidence in youth community rugby union and parental assessment of post head injury cognitive recovery using the king-devick test. J. Neurol. Sci. 388:40\u201346, 2018.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3045_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-02912-5","volume":"1000","author":"D Stitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stitt, D., N. Kabaliuk, K. Alexander, and N. Draper. Potential of soft-shell rugby headgear to mitigate linear and rotational peak accelerations. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-022-02912-5","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"3045_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takhounts, E. G., M. J. Craig, K. Moorhouse, J. McFadden, and V. Hasija. Development of brain injury criteria (BRIC). Technical Report, SAE Technical Paper, 2013.","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-22-0010"},{"issue":"4","key":"3045_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1512","volume":"31","author":"TM Talavage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Talavage, T. M., E. A. Nauman, E. L. Breedlove, U. Yoruk, A. E. Dye, K. E. Morigaki, H. Feuer, and L. J. Leverenz. Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion. J. Neurotrauma, 31(4):327\u2013338, 2014.","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"key":"3045_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versace, J. A review of the severity index. SAE Technical Paper 710881, 1971.","DOI":"10.4271\/710881"},{"issue":"7","key":"3045_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043140","volume":"141","author":"T Whyte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whyte, T., C. A. Stuart, A. Mallory, M. Ghajari, D. J. Plant, G. P. Siegmund, P. A. Cripton. A review of impact testing methods for headgear in sports: considerations for improved prevention of head injury through research and standards. J. Biomech. Eng. 141(7):070803, 2019.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanical engineering"},{"key":"3045_CR58","unstructured":"World Rugby. Headgear performance specification, 2019."},{"key":"3045_CR59","unstructured":"World Rugby. World rugby law 4 headgear assessment trial, 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"3045_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2","volume":"9","author":"S Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, S., W. Zhao, K. Ghazi, and S. Ji. Convolutional neural network for efficient estimation of regional brain strains. Sci. Rep. 9(1):1\u201311, 2019.","journal-title":"Scientific reports"}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T21:23:38Z","timestamp":1676496218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-022-03045-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}