{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T15:01:09Z","timestamp":1791730869524,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Road Safety Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Head injuries are common for cyclists involved in collisions. Such collision scenarios result in a range of injuries, with different head impact speeds, angles, locations, or surfaces. A clear understanding of these collision characteristics is vital to design high fidelity test methods for evaluating the performance of helmets. We review literature detailing real-world cyclist collision scenarios and report on these key characteristics. Our review shows that helmeted cyclists have a considerable reduction in skull fracture and focal brain pathologies compared to non-helmeted cyclists, as well as a reduction in all brain pathologies. The considerable reduction in focal head pathologies is likely to be due to helmet standards mandating thresholds of linear acceleration. The less considerable reduction in diffuse brain injuries is likely to be due to the lack of monitoring head rotation in test methods. We performed a novel meta-analysis of the location of 1809 head impacts from ten studies. Most studies showed that the side and front regions are frequently impacted, with one large, contemporary study highlighting a high proportion of occipital impacts. Helmets frequently had impact locations low down near the rim line. The face is not well protected by most conventional bicycle helmets. Several papers determine head impact speed and angle from in-depth reconstructions and computer simulations. They report head impact speeds from 5 to 16\u00a0m\/s, with a concentration around 5 to 8\u00a0m\/s and higher speeds when there was another vehicle involved in the collision. Reported angles range from 10\u00b0 to 80\u00b0 to the normal, and are concentrated around 30\u00b0\u201350\u00b0. Our review also shows that in nearly 80% of the cases, the head impact is reported to be against a flat surface. This review highlights current gaps in data, and\u00a0calls for more research and data to better\u00a0inform improvements in testing methods of standards and rating schemes and raise helmet safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T19:02:46Z","timestamp":1678820566000},"page":"875-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Review of Cyclist Head Injury, Impact Characteristics and the Implications for Helmet Assessment Methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiancheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saian","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazdak","family":"Ghajari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02785-0","volume":"49","author":"F Abayazid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abayazid, F., et al. A new assessment of bicycle helmets: The brain injury mitigation effects of new technologies in oblique impacts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(10):2716\u20132733, 2021.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.08.009","volume":"257","author":"EJ Alfrey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfrey, E. J., et al. Helmet usage reduces serious head injury without decreasing concussion after bicycle riders crash. J. Surg. Res. 257:593\u2013596, 2021.","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-653","volume":"11","author":"E Amoros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amoros, E., et al. The injury epidemiology of cyclists based on a road trauma registry. BMC Public Health. 11(1):1\u201312, 2011.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac033","volume":"4","author":"CE Baker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker, C. E., et al. The relationship between road traffic collision dynamics and traumatic brain injury pathology. Brain Commun. 4(2):52, 2022.","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"3148_CR5","unstructured":"Baker, C.E., et al. Biomechanics of brain injury from the reconstruction of three pedestrian-car collisions."},{"key":"3148_CR6","unstructured":"Baker, C.M., A. Li, R Martin, P. Wilson, M. Sharp, and D. M. Ghajari, Assessing the influence of parameter variation on kinematic head injury metric uncertainty in multibody reconstructions of real-world pedestrian vehicle and ground impacts. In: IRCOBI 2022. 2022. Porto: International Research Council of the Biomechanics of Injury."},{"key":"3148_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.01.005","volume":"53","author":"MR Bambach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bambach, M. R., et al. The effectiveness of helmets in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles: a case\u2013control study. Accident Anal. Prevent. 53:78\u201388, 2013.","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Prevent."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04626-w","volume":"163","author":"D Baschera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baschera, D., et al. Severity and predictors of head injury due to bicycle accidents in Western Australia. Acta Neurochirurgica. 163(1):49\u201356, 2021.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"issue":"6","key":"3148_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-1999-5","volume":"46","author":"JG Beckwith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beckwith, J. G., et al. Estimated brain tissue response following impacts associated with and without diagnosed concussion. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 46(6):819\u2013830, 2018.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dam020","volume":"22","author":"P Berg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berg, P., and R. Westerling. A decrease in both mild and severe bicycle-related head injuries in helmet wearing ages\u2014trend analyses in Sweden. Health Promot. Int. 22(3):191\u2013197, 2007.","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02330-0","volume":"48","author":"ML Bland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bland, M. L., et al. Development of the STAR evaluation system for assessing bicycle helmet protective performance. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(1):47\u201357, 2020.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"3148_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02620-y","volume":"48","author":"ML Bland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bland, M. L., et al. Laboratory reconstructions of bicycle helmet damage: investigation of cyclist head impacts using oblique impacts and computed tomography. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(12):2783\u20132795, 2020.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3148_CR13","first-page":"282","volume":"226","author":"N Bourdet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bourdet, N., et al. Head impact conditions in the case of cyclist falls. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P. 226(3\u20134):282\u2013289, 2012.","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P"},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2013.805293","volume":"19","author":"N Bourdet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bourdet, N., et al. In-depth real-world bicycle accident reconstructions. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 19(3):222\u2013232, 2014.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"key":"3148_CR15","unstructured":"CPSC, Persuant to the Children's Bicycle Helmet Safety Act of 1994. 1998."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.08.015","volume":"50","author":"L Carone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carone, L., R. Ardley, and P. Davies. Cycling related traumatic brain injury requiring intensive care: association with non-helmet wearing in young people. Injury. 50(1):61\u201364, 2019.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260902823999","volume":"14","author":"E Carter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carter, E., and C. E. Neal-Sturgess. MADYMO reconstruction of a real-world collision between a vehicle and cyclist. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 14(4):379\u2013390, 2009.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00008-0","volume":"29","author":"RP Ching","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ching, R. P., et al. Damage to bicycle helmets involved with crashes. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 29(5):555\u2013562, 1997.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR19","unstructured":"Chiron, M., et al. Injuries to bicyclists in France: description of 1541 casualties from the Rh\u00f4ne Road Trauma Registry. In: Annual Proceedings\/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1999. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine."},{"key":"3148_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.02.016","volume":"70","author":"PA Cripton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cripton, P. A., et al. Bicycle helmets are highly effective at preventing head injury during head impact: head-form accelerations and injury criteria for helmeted and unhelmeted impacts. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 70:1\u20137, 2014.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR21","unstructured":"Davidsson, J., M. Angeria, and M. Risling. Injury threshold for sagittal plane rotational induced diffuse axonal injuries. In: Proceedings of the International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI). 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-1033-5","volume":"46","author":"LE de Guerre","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Guerre, L. E., et al. Injuries related to bicycle accidents: an epidemiological study in The Netherlands. Eur J Trauma Emergency Surgery. 46(2):413\u2013418, 2020.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emergency Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02422-x","volume":"48","author":"AL DeMarco","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeMarco, A. L., et al. Impact performance of certified bicycle helmets below, on and above the test line. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(1):58\u201367, 2020.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.09.003","volume":"71","author":"C Deck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deck, C., et al. Protection performance of bicycle helmets. J. Saf. Res. 71:67\u201377, 2019.","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"3148_CR25","unstructured":"Department for Transport, Road accident in-depth studies (RAIDS). 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00062-9","volume":"36","author":"B Depreitere","year":"2004","unstructured":"Depreitere, B., et al. Bicycle-related head injury: a study of 86 cases. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 36(4):561\u2013567, 2004.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"issue":"6","key":"3148_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.6.950","volume":"104","author":"B Depreitere","year":"2006","unstructured":"Depreitere, B., et al. Mechanics of acute subdural hematomas resulting from bridging vein rupture. J. Neurosurg. 104(6):950\u2013956, 2006.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"3148_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00290","volume":"11","author":"V Di Pietro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Pietro, V., et al. Salivary microRNAs: diagnostic markers of mild traumatic brain injury in contact-sport. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 11:290, 2018.","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"3148_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027845","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027845","volume":"9","author":"N Dodds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dodds, N., et al. Evaluating the impact of cycle helmet use on severe traumatic brain injury and death in a national cohort of over 11000 pedal cyclists: a retrospective study from the NHS England Trauma Audit and Research Network dataset. BMJ Open. 9(9):e027845, 2019.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3148_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.860112","volume":"10","author":"H Duckworth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duckworth, H., et al. A finite element model of cerebral vascular injury for predicting microbleeds location. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10:158, 2022.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"3148_CR31","unstructured":"ECE, ECE22.06 Proposal for the 06 series of amendments of UN Regulation No. 22 (Protective helmets). 2020."},{"key":"3148_CR32","unstructured":"EN, B., 1078. Helmets for pedal cyclists and for users of skateboards and roller skates. British Standards Institution, London, 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02703-w","volume":"49","author":"M Fahlstedt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fahlstedt, M., et al. Ranking and rating bicycle helmet safety performance in oblique impacts using eight different brain injury models. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(3):1097\u20131109, 2021.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR34","unstructured":"Feler, J.R. (2020) Shifts in micromobility-related trauma in the age of vehicle sharing: the epidemiology of head injury."},{"issue":"9","key":"3148_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185367","volume":"12","author":"AE Forbes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forbes, A. E., et al. Head injury patterns in helmeted and non-helmeted cyclists admitted to a London Major Trauma Centre with serious head injury. PLoS ONE. 12(9):e0185367, 2017.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3148_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganti, L., et al. Impact of helmet use in traumatic brain injuries associated with recreational vehicles. Advances in preventive medicine, 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/450195"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2823","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2823","volume":"33","author":"HT Garimella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garimella, H. T., and R. H. Kraft. Modeling the mechanics of axonal fiber tracts using the embedded finite element method. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng. 33(5):e2823, 2017.","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR38","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Trauma and Regeneration","author":"TA Gennarelli","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A. Head injury in man and experimental animals: clinical aspects. In: Trauma and Regeneration, Springer, 1983, pp. 1\u201313."},{"issue":"8","key":"3148_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198208000-00005","volume":"22","author":"TA Gennarelli","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A., and L. E. Thibault. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J. Trauma. 22(8):680\u2013686, 1982.","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"3148_CR40","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T.A., F.A. Pintar, and N. Yoganandan. Biomechanical tolerances for diffuse brain injury and a hypothesis for genotypic variability in response to trauma. In: Annual Proceedings\/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 2003. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww317","volume":"140","author":"M Ghajari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghajari, M., P. Hellyer, and D. J. Sharp. Computational modelling of traumatic brain injury predicts the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology. Brain. 140(2):333\u2013343, 2017.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3148_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106264","volume":"159","author":"K Gildea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gildea, K., D. Hall, and C. Simms. Configurations of underreported cyclist-motorised vehicle and single cyclist collisions: analysis of a self-reported survey. Accid Anal Prevent. 159:106264, 2021.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prevent"},{"issue":"14","key":"3148_CR43","first-page":"29","volume":"58","author":"C Giordano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giordano, C., and S. Kleiven. Evaluation of axonal strain as a predictor for mild traumatic brain injuries using finite element modeling. Stapp Car Crash J. 58(14):29\u201361, 2014.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"3148_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harlos, A. R., S. Rowson, The range of bicycle helmet performance at real world impact locations. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 2021.","DOI":"10.1177\/17543371211057721"},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2003.0243","volume":"8","author":"TJ Horgan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Horgan, T. J., and M. D. Gilchrist. The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 8(4):353\u2013366, 2003.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"key":"3148_CR46","unstructured":"Horgan, T.J., A finite element model of the human head for use in the study of pedestrian accidents. 2005, University College Dublin Ireland."},{"key":"3148_CR47","unstructured":"Ji, S., et al. Use of brain biomechanical models for monitoring impact exposure in contact sports. Ann Biomed Eng 2022: pp. 1\u201320."},{"key":"3148_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H.-S., et al. Validation of a 3D anatomic human head model and replication of head impact in motorcycle accident by finite element modeling. SAE transactions, 1997: pp 3849\u20133858.","DOI":"10.4271\/973339"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000948","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000948","volume":"6","author":"J Kearns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kearns, J., et al. A blood biomarker and clinical correlation cohort study protocol to diagnose sports-related concussion and monitor recovery in elite rugby. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 6(1):e000948, 2020.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med."},{"key":"3148_CR50","first-page":"509","volume":"50","author":"H Kimpara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kimpara, H., et al. Investigation of anteroposterior head-neck responses during severe frontal impacts using a brain-spinal cord complex FE model. Stapp Car Crash J. 50:509, 2006.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503765172327","volume":"20","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kleiven, S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J. Neurotrauma. 20(4):365\u2013379, 2003.","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2005.0384","volume":"11","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleiven, S. Evaluation of head injury criteria using a finite element model validated against experiments on localized brain motion, intracerebral acceleration, and intracranial pressure. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 11(1):65\u201379, 2006.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR53","first-page":"81","volume":"51","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kleiven, S. Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. 51(1):81\u2013114, 2007.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"3148_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2013.00015","volume":"1","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kleiven, S. Why most traumatic brain injuries are not caused by linear acceleration but skull fractures are. Front Bioeng. Biotechnol. 1:15, 2013.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"3148_CR55","unstructured":"Knowles, J., et al. Collisions involving pedal cyclists on Britain's roads: establishing the causes. 2009."},{"key":"3148_CR56","unstructured":"Kuppa, S. Injury criteria for side impact dummies. Washington, DC: National Transportation Biomechanics Research Center, National Highway Saftey Administration, US DOT, 2004. 67."},{"key":"3148_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"C Leo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leo, C., et al. Analysis of Swedish and Dutch accident data on cyclist injuries in cyclist-car collisions. Traffic Injury Prevent. 13:1\u20133, 2019.","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent"},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-020-01391-8","volume":"20","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, X., Z. Zhou, and S. Kleiven. An anatomically detailed and personalizable head injury model: Significance of brain and white matter tract morphological variability on strain. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 20(2):403\u2013431, 2021.","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"3148_CR59","unstructured":"Lindgren, N.H., M. P. Fahlstedt, Influence of Headform on assessments and ratings of the protective performance of bicycle helmet. In: IRCOBI conference. 2022: Porto"},{"key":"3148_CR60","unstructured":"Lindgren, N.H., P.M. Fahlstedt. Influence of headform on assessments and ratings of the protective performance of bicycle helmets. In: IRCOBI. 2022: Porto"},{"key":"3148_CR61","first-page":"2","volume":"34","author":"H Lindsay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindsay, H., and M. Brussoni. Injuries and helmet use related to non-motorized wheeled activities among pediatric patients. Chronic Dis Injuries Canada. 34:2\u20133, 2014.","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Injuries Canada"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2075-9","volume":"15","author":"H-T Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, H.-T., et al. Bicycle-related hospitalizations at a Taiwanese level I Trauma Center. BMC Public Health. 15(1):1\u20139, 2015.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02114709","volume":"75","author":"P L\u00f6wenhielm","year":"1974","unstructured":"L\u00f6wenhielm, P. Strain tolerance of the Vv. Cerebri Sup.(bridging veins) calculated from head-on collision tests with cadavers. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin. 75(2):131\u2013144, 1974.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869185","volume":"74","author":"P L\u00f6wenhielm","year":"1974","unstructured":"L\u00f6wenhielm, P. Dynamic properties of the parasagittal bridging beins. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin. 74(1):55\u201362, 1974.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"3148_CR65","unstructured":"Malczyk, A., et al., Head injuries in bicyclists and associated crash characteristics. 2014: Unfallforschung der Versicherer GDV."},{"issue":"9","key":"3148_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","volume":"24","author":"JF Malec","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malec, J. F., et al. The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J. Neurotrauma. 24(9):1417\u20131424, 2007.","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"3148_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90231-O","volume":"25","author":"SS Margulies","year":"1992","unstructured":"Margulies, S. S., and L. E. Thibault. A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J. Biomech. 25(8):917\u2013923, 1992.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.12.006","volume":"40","author":"D Marjoux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marjoux, D., et al. Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 40(3):1135\u20131148, 2008.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR69","unstructured":"Martin, P.O.C., Siobhan, development of a new cycle helmet assessment programme (NCHAP) literature review, T.L. (TRL), Editor. 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00089-4","volume":"30","author":"A McIntosh","year":"1998","unstructured":"McIntosh, A., B. Dowdell, and N. Svensson. Pedal cycle helmet effectiveness: a field study of pedal cycle accidents. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 30(2):161\u2013168, 1998.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR71","unstructured":"McIntosh, A. and B. Dowdell. A field and laboratory study of the performance of pedal cycle helmets in real accidents. In: International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Verona 1992."},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199709000-00008","volume":"43","author":"H Meislin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meislin, H., et al. Fatal trauma: the modal distribution of time to death is a function of patient demographics and regional resources. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 43(3):433\u2013440, 1997.","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"3148_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2264-2_12","volume-title":"Accidental Injury","author":"JW Melvin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Melvin, J. W., J. W. Lighthall, and K. Ueno. Brain injury biomechanics. In: Accidental Injury, Springer, 1993, pp. 268\u2013291."},{"key":"3148_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, S.G., Fritjof, bicyclist head impact locations based on the German in-depth accident study, In: 10th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference. 2022: Dresden","DOI":"10.25368\/2022.500"},{"key":"3148_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertz, H.J., P. Prasad, and A.L. Irwin, Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. SAE Transactions, 1997: pp. 3563\u20133580.","DOI":"10.4271\/973318"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-015-0754-1","volume":"15","author":"LE Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, L. E., J. E. Urban, and J. D. Stitzel. Development and validation of an atlas-based finite element brain model. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 15(5):1201\u20131214, 2016.","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"3148_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.06.011","volume":"33","author":"AG Monea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monea, A. G., et al. The relation between mechanical impact parameters and most frequent bicycle related head injuries. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 33:3\u201315, 2014.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"3148_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndiaye, A., et al. Trauma brain injury following a road traffic accident: Data from the Rh\u00f4ne Register, France. Revue d'\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique, 2018(330).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2018.05.249"},{"key":"3148_CR79","unstructured":"Newman, J.A. A generalized acceleration model for brain injury threshold (GAMBIT). In: Proceedings of international IRCOBI conference, 1986."},{"key":"3148_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.04.021","volume":"71","author":"J Nie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nie, J., and J. Yang. A study of bicyclist kinematics and injuries based on reconstruction of passenger car\u2013bicycle accident in China. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 71:50\u201359, 2014.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1299\/jbse.17-00175","volume":"12","author":"S Oikawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oikawa, S., et al. Finite element analysis of the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in head impacts against roads. J. Biomech. Sci. Eng. 12(4):17\u2013175, 2017.","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR82","first-page":"278","volume":"46","author":"J Olivier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olivier, J., and P. Creighton. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46(1):278\u2013292, 2016.","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90011-X","volume":"4","author":"A Ommaya","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ommaya, A., and A. Hirsch. Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates. J. Biomech. 4(1):13\u201321, 1971.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"3148_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ommaya, A.K., et al., Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man. 1967.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0666837"},{"key":"3148_CR85","unstructured":"Ommaya, A., The biomechanics of Trauma. Biomechanics of head injury: experimental aspects, ed. A.M. Nahum. 1985, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR86","first-page":"15","volume":"46","author":"Y Omoda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Omoda, Y., and A. Konosu. Analysis of bicyclists\u2019 head impact situation against a car and the ground in bicyclist and car traffic accidents using a computer simulation method. Trans. Soc. Automot. Eng. Jpn. 46(2):15, 2015.","journal-title":"Trans. Soc. Automot. Eng. Jpn"},{"key":"3148_CR87","unstructured":"Otte, D. J., A. Morandi, C. Orsi, A. Stendardo, C. P Bogerd, G. Tzamalouca, M. Papadakaki, J. Chliaoutakis, K. Parkkari, K. Dias, and J. T. Weber. Final report of Working Group 1: In-depth accident observations and injury statistics. 2015, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2017.13.2.90","volume":"13","author":"J Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, J., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for bicycle-related severe head injury: a single Center experience. Korean J. Neurotrauma. 13(2):90\u201395, 2017.","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"3148_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.03.005","volume":"50","author":"Y Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng, Y., et al. A study of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure to head injury in passenger car collisions based on accident data and simulations. Saf. Sci. 50(9):1749\u20131759, 2012.","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2013.805290","volume":"19","author":"Y Peng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peng, Y., et al. Development of head injury risk functions based on real-world accident reconstruction. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 19(2):105\u2013114, 2014.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2317476","volume":"3","author":"M Peng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peng, M., S. Yan, and H. V. Poor. Ergodic capacity analysis of remote radio head associations in cloud radio access networks. IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett. 3(4):365\u2013368, 2014.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR92","first-page":"320","volume":"234","author":"PG Petersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petersen, P. G., L. V. Smith, and D. Nevins. The effect of surface roughness on oblique bicycle helmet impact tests. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P. 234(4):320\u2013327, 2020.","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P"},{"key":"3148_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pincemaille, Y., et al. Some new data related to human tolerance obtained from volunteer boxers. SAE Transactions, 1989: pp. 1752\u20131765.","DOI":"10.4271\/892435"},{"key":"3148_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.10.012","volume":"44","author":"M Piras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piras, M., et al. Cyclists fatalities: forensic remarks regarding 335 cases. J. Forensic Legal Med. 44:169\u2013173, 2016.","journal-title":"J. Forensic Legal Med."},{"key":"3148_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106567","volume":"167","author":"P Posirisuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Posirisuk, P., C. Baker, and M. Ghajari. Computational prediction of head-ground impact kinematics in e-scooter falls. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 167:106567, 2022.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, P. and H. J. Mertz, The position of the United States delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment. SAE Transactions, 1985: pp. 106\u2013116.","DOI":"10.4271\/851246"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200111000-00021","volume":"51","author":"M Richter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richter, M., et al. Head injury mechanisms in helmet-protected motorcyclists: prospective multicenter study. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 51(5):949\u2013958, 2001.","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"3148_CR98","unstructured":"Rizzi, M., H. Stigson, and M. Krafft. Cyclist injuries leading to permanent medical impairment in Sweden and the effect of bicycle helmets. In: Ircobi Conference. 2013."},{"key":"3148_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.08.022","volume":"33","author":"D Sahoo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sahoo, D., C. Deck, and R. Willinger. Development and validation of an advanced anisotropic visco-hyperelastic human brain FE model. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 33:24\u201342, 2014.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"3148_CR100","first-page":"36","volume":"908","author":"T Serre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Serre, T. Analyse d\u2019une base de donnees de 800 casques cyclistes endommages. Rapport UMRESTTE. 908:36\u201339, 2009.","journal-title":"Rapport UMRESTTE"},{"issue":"12","key":"3148_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.07.030","volume":"46","author":"M Sethi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sethi, M., et al. Bicycle helmets are highly protective against traumatic brain injury within a dense urban setting. Injury. 46(12):2483\u20132490, 2015.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001087","volume":"15","author":"DJ Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp, D. J., and P. O. Jenkins. Concussion is confusing us all. Pract. Neurol. 15(3):172\u2013186, 2015.","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2005.0109","volume":"11","author":"CK Simms","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simms, C. K., and D. P. Wood. Effects of pre-impact pedestrian position and motion on kinematics and injuries from vehicle and ground contact. Int. J. Crashworthiness. 11(4):345\u2013355, 2006.","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"6","key":"3148_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90055-8","volume":"26","author":"TA Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith, T. A., et al. Evaluation and replication of impact damage to bicycle helmets. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 26(6):795\u2013802, 1994.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR105","unstructured":"Stigson, H., et al. Consumer testing of bicycle helmets. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference. Antwerp, Belgium. 2017."},{"key":"3148_CR106","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"EG Takhounts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takhounts, E. G., et al. Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of simulated injury monitor (SIMon) finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 52:1, 2008.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"3148_CR107","first-page":"243","volume":"57","author":"EG Takhounts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takhounts, E. G., et al. Development of brain injury criteria (Br IC). Stapp Car Crash J. 57:243, 2013.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"3148_CR108","unstructured":"Tech, V. Bicycle helmet ratings. 21st September 2022."},{"key":"3148_CR109","unstructured":"Transport, D.F., Reported road casualties great Britain, annual report: 2019. 2019: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2019."},{"key":"3148_CR110","unstructured":"Van Schijndel, M., et al. Cyclist kinematics in car impacts reconstructed in simulations and full scale testing with Polar dummy. In: 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings-International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2012."},{"key":"3148_CR111","unstructured":"Vander Vorst, M., et al. A new biomechanically-based criterion for lateral skull fracture. In: Annual Proceedings\/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 2004. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine."},{"key":"3148_CR112","unstructured":"Verschueren, P., Biomechanical analysis of head injuries related to bicycle accidents and a new bicycle helmet concept (Biomechanische analyse van hoofdletsels gerelateerd aan fietsongevallen en een nieuw fietshelmconcept). 2009."},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000186950.54075.3B","volume":"57","author":"DC Viano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viano, D. C., et al. Concussion in professional football: brain responses by finite element analysis: part 9. Neurosurgery. 57(5):891\u2013916, 2005.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"3148_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1013188","volume":"16","author":"D Viano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viano, D., and C. Parenteau. Concussion, diffuse axonal injury and AIS4+ head injury in motor vehicle crashes. Traffic Injury Prevent. 16(8):58, 2015.","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR115","unstructured":"Wallman, C.-G., and H. \u00c5str\u00f6m, Friction measurement methods and the correlation between road friction and traffic safety: a literature review. 2001."},{"key":"3148_CR116","unstructured":"Webster, J., R.T. Watson, Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS quarterly, 2002: pp. 13\u201323."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2008.05.003","volume":"29","author":"L Whitmarsh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitmarsh, L. Behavioural responses to climate change: asymmetry of intentions and impacts. J. Environ. Psychol. 29(1):13\u201323, 2009.","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3148_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(91)90043-5","volume":"23","author":"M Williams","year":"1991","unstructured":"Williams, M. The protective performance of bicyclists\u2019 helmets in accidents. Accid. Anal. Prevent. 23(2\u20133):119\u2013131, 1991.","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"3148_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C. Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the 18th international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering. 2014.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj208934","volume":"27","author":"PY Woo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woo, P. Y., et al. Multicentre study of hospitalised patients with sports-and recreational cycling\u2013related traumatic brain injury in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med. J. 27(5):338, 2021.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"3148_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02239-8","volume":"47","author":"T Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, T., et al. Explicit modeling of white matter axonal fiber tracts in a finite element brain model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47(9):1908\u20131922, 2019.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR122","first-page":"9","volume":"52","author":"H Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, H., et al. The head AIS 4+ injury thresholds for the elderly vulnerable road user based on detailed accident reconstructions. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 52:9, 2021.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"3148_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., et al. Biomechanical aspects of blunt and penentrating head injuries. In: IUTAM Symposium on impact biomechanics: from fundamental insights to applications. 2005. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3796-1_18"},{"key":"3148_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, X., C. E. Baker, and M. Ghajari. Head impact location, speed and angle from falls and trips in the workplace. Ann. Biomed. Eng. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03146-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03146-9"},{"key":"3148_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X. B., M. Ghajari. In-depth bicycle collision reconstruction: from a crash helmet to brain Injury Evaluation. 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030317"},{"key":"3148_CR126","first-page":"501","volume":"42","author":"J Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, J., et al. Role of translational and rotational accelerations on brain strain in lateral head impact. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 42:501\u2013506, 2006.","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Instrum"},{"key":"3148_CR127","first-page":"215","volume":"53","author":"J Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, J., et al. Experimental study of blast-induced traumatic brain injury using a physical head model. Stapp. Car. Crash J. 53:215\u2013227, 2009.","journal-title":"Stapp. Car. Crash J."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1691446","volume":"126","author":"L Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang, L., K. H. Yang, and A. I. King. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J. Biomech. Eng. 126(2):226\u2013236, 2004.","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"3148_CR129","unstructured":"Zhang, L., K. Yang, and T.A. Gennarelli, Mathematical modeling of cerebral concussion: correlations of regional brain strain with clinical symptoms. In: Proceedings of Biomechanics of Impact, 2008: pp. 123\u201332."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02159-z","volume":"47","author":"W Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, W., and S. Ji. Mesh convergence behavior and the effect of element integration of a human head injury model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47(2):475\u2013486, 2019.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-018-1074-z","volume":"18","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., X. Li, and S. Kleiven. Fluid\u2013structure interaction simulation of the brain\u2013skull interface for acute subdural haematoma prediction. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 18(1):155\u2013173, 2019.","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"3148_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110256","volume":"118","author":"K Zimmerman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmerman, K., et al. Player position in American football influences the magnitude of mechanical strains produced in the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology: a computational modelling study. J. Biomech. 118:110256, 2021.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T19:03:31Z","timestamp":1682190211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03148-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}