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Anticipation and prior experience may adjust muscle activation in advance to improve the perturbation response. The study's purpose was to investigate the interplay of muscle activation, MTU decoupling mechanisms, and contractile conditions for the CoM energy management during gait challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Kinematics, electromyographic activity (EMG), soleus fascicle length, and total CoM energy were measured during unperturbed walking, unpredictable and adapted (experience-based) drop-like perturbations as well as during hole negotiation. The soleus force\u2013length and force\u2013velocity relationships were also determined to assess the force\u2013length\u2013velocity potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CoM energy decreased substantially after touchdown in the hole during both perturbations and hole negotiation, indicating energy absorption by the musculoskeletal system. During the\u00a0unpredictable perturbation, a rapidly increased EMG activity after drop initiation and an almost isometric fascicle behavior close to optimal length throughout the CoM energy absorption phase was found, despite MTU lengthening. In the adapted perturbation, an initial isometric contraction accompanied by high EMG activity was observed, followed by active fascicle lengthening at decreasing EMG activity. Clear fascicle lengthening in combination with low EMG activity was found during hole negotiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These novel findings suggest a regulation of muscle stiffness by scaled activation that tunes the contribution of muscle and tendon to the MTU length changes (i.e., tendon decoupling), to facilitate high fascicle force\u2013length\u2013velocity potentials and tendon energy buffering mechanisms in response to drop-like perturbations and hole negotiation gait.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03928-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T18:04:28Z","timestamp":1765562668000},"page":"750-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Soleus Muscle Stiffness is Regulated by Scaled Activation to Manage Unpredictable and Predictable Walking Perturbations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5720-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bohm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Theodorakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7180-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"Mersmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-9324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamantios","family":"Arampatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.4.261","volume":"26","author":"WP Berg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berg, W. 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