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Gentille Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002839","name":"ELECTRI International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Society of Concrete Contractors"},{"name":"The Association of Union Constructors"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite falls accounting for the greatest number of fatal and non-fatal work-related traumatic brain injuries, current standards do not evaluate safety helmets under impact conditions representative of fall scenarios. This study\u2019s objective was to develop a test method that evaluates safety helmets under impact scenarios representative of falls. A Construction STAR rating system that quantitatively compares safety helmet performance in the context of concussion and skull fracture risk is also outlined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi-step approach that combined information from previous literature, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) accident reports, and oblique impact tests were used to develop a fall-specific safety helmet test methodology. The test methodology consisting of three impact locations (front boss, rear boss, and rear), two impact velocities (5.5 and 6.8\u00a0m\/s), and a 25-degree anvil was executed on a representative subset of one Type I and four Type II models. STAR scores, combining concussion and skull fracture risk, were calculated for each model and compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STAR scores demonstrated that Type II helmets reduced concussion risk by 32.7% and skull fracture risk by 57.5% when compared to the Type I model. Large variations in Type II performance were observed, with the top-performing Type II helmets reducing concussion risk by 28.7 and 33.2% compared to bottom-performing models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type II helmets offer substantial benefits in head protection compared to Type I models for oblique fall-related impacts. By including both skull fracture and concussion risk in the STAR score, the proposed methodology can differentiate high and low-performing safety helmets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03930-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T20:14:56Z","timestamp":1765311296000},"page":"777-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Fall-Specific Impact Testing Method to Evaluate Safety Helmet Performance and Injury Risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Susanna M.","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.-P.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Begonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Rowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1278-7","volume":"43","author":"B Rowson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rowson, B., S. 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