{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:49:30Z","timestamp":1782236970102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC. 12272033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC. 12272033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3603901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3603901"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS 2015QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS 2015QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"Peking University International Hospital Research Funds","award":["YN2023ZD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YN2023ZD03"]}]},{"name":"Peking University International Hospital Research Funds","award":["YN2024QN10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YN2024QN10"]}]},{"name":"National Key Lab of Virtual Reality Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T13:50:09Z","timestamp":1769781009000},"page":"2097-2109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D Patellar Shape is Associated with Patellar Dislocation: an Automated Coordinate Algorithm and Statistical Shape Modeling Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4505-y","volume":"26","author":"TL Sanders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanders, T. L., A. Pareek, T. E. Hewett, M. J. Stuart, D. L. Dahm, and A. J. Krych. High rate of recurrent patellar dislocation in skeletally immature patients: a long-term population-based study. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 26(4):1037\u20131043, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-017-4505-y.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"key":"3970_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baryeh K, Getachew F. Patella dislocation: an overview. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005). 2021;82(8):1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/hmed.2020.0429","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2020.0429"},{"key":"3970_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith TO, Gaukroger A, Metcalfe A, Hing CB. Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2023;1(1):Cd008106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008106.pub4","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008106.pub4"},{"issue":"2","key":"3970_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9480-5","volume":"11","author":"SN Parikh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parikh, S. N., M. G. Lykissas, and I. Gkiatas. Predicting Risk of Recurrent Patellar Dislocation. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 11(2):253\u2013260, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-018-9480-5.","journal-title":"Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine."},{"issue":"7","key":"3970_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12186","volume":"32","author":"D Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, D., Z. Zhang, Y. Cao, G. Song, T. Zheng, M. Di, et al. Recurrent patellar dislocation patients with high-grade J-sign have multiple structural bone abnormalities in the lower limbs. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 32(7):1650\u20131659, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ksa.12186.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"key":"3970_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dejour DH, Deroche \u00c9. Trochleoplasty: Indications in patellar dislocation with high-grade dysplasia. Surgical technique. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR. 2022;108(1s):103160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103160"},{"key":"3970_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedrotti L, Bertani B, De Rosa F, Fossati F, Ghilotti M, Mora R, et al. Congenital Dislocation of the Patella - Surgical Treatment Rationale and Literature Review. Journal of orthopaedic case reports. 2021;11(4):59-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13107\/jocr.2021.v11.i04.2154","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2021.v11.i04.2154"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"3970_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.12.001","volume":"101","author":"VB Duthon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duthon, V. B. Acute traumatic patellar dislocation. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research\u202f: OTSR. 101(1 Suppl):S59-67, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.12.001.","journal-title":"Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR."},{"issue":"11","key":"3970_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00117-012-2367-3","volume":"52","author":"S Waldt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waldt, S., and E. J. Rummeny. Imaging of patellofemoral instability. Der Radiologe. 52(11):1003\u20131011, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00117-012-2367-3.","journal-title":"Der Radiologe."},{"issue":"5","key":"3970_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241233732","volume":"52","author":"FT Sheehan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sheehan, F. T., P. R. Shah, and B. P. Boden. The Importance of Medial Patellar Shape as a Risk Factor for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation in Adults. Am J Sports Med. 52(5):1357\u20131366, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465241233732.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"3970_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520926448","volume":"49","author":"C Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant, C., C. N. Fick, J. Welsh, J. McConnell, and F. T. Sheehan. A Word of Caution for Future Studies in Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. The American journal of sports medicine. 49(2):538\u2013551, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546520926448.","journal-title":"The American journal of sports medicine."},{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.05.007","volume":"40","author":"E McCrum","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCrum, E., K. Cooper, J. Wittstein, and R. J. French. Imaging of Patellofemoral Instability. Clinics in sports medicine. 40(4):693\u2013712, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2021.05.007.","journal-title":"Clinics in sports medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"3970_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2012.05.011","volume":"20","author":"TO Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, T. O., A. Cogan, S. Patel, M. Shakokani, A. P. Toms, and S. T. Donell. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of X-ray radiological measurements for patellar instability. The Knee. 20(2):133\u2013138, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2012.05.011.","journal-title":"The Knee."},{"issue":"3","key":"3970_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.12.003","volume":"59","author":"D Hayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayashi, D., F. W. Roemer, and A. Guermazi. Imaging for osteoarthritis. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 59(3):161\u2013169, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.12.003.","journal-title":"Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine."},{"key":"3970_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang YP, Ling YD, Pang CN, Li N, Gong YN, Cui GQ, et al. Novel method for diagnosing lateral patellar compression syndrome using X-ray: a retrospective case-control study. Annals of translational medicine. 2021;9(6):445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm-20-6410","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-6410"},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.001","volume":"41","author":"DL Rogers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rogers, D. L., and A. J. Cosgarea. Evaluating Patellofemoral Patients: Physical Examination, Radiographic Imaging, and Measurements. Clinics in sports medicine. 41(1):1\u201313, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.001.","journal-title":"Clinics in sports medicine."},{"issue":"12","key":"3970_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708041","volume":"34","author":"N Sodhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sodhi, N., D. J. Jacofsky, A. Chee, and M. A. Mont. Benefits of CT Scanning for the Management of Knee Arthritis and Arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 34(12):1296\u20131303, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1708041.","journal-title":"J Knee Surg."},{"key":"3970_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batailler C, Swan J, Sappey Marinier E, Servien E, Lustig S. New Technologies in Knee Arthroplasty: Current Concepts. J Clin Med. 2020;10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10010047","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010047"},{"key":"3970_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hing CB, Shepstone L, Marshall T, Donell ST. A Laterally Positioned Concave Trochlear Groove Prevents Patellar Dislocation. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1976-2007). 2006;447:187-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000203478.27044.9a","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000203478.27044.9a"},{"key":"3970_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.08.028","volume":"80","author":"JB Renault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renault, J. B., G. Aullo-Rasser, M. Donnez, S. Parratte, and P. Chabrand. Articular-surface-based automatic anatomical coordinate systems for the knee bones. Journal of biomechanics. 80:171\u2013178, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.08.028.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics."},{"issue":"12","key":"3970_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.05.024","volume":"46","author":"MJ Rainbow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rainbow, M. J., D. L. Miranda, R. T. H. Cheung, J. B. Schwartz, J. J. Crisco, I. S. Davis, et al. Automatic determination of an anatomical coordinate system for a three-dimensional model of the human patella. Journal of biomechanics. 46(12):2093\u20132096, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.05.024.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.09.007","volume":"27","author":"B Innocenti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Innocenti, B., E. Bori, and S. Piccolo. Development and validation of a robust patellar reference coordinate system for biomechanical and clinical studies. Knee. 27(1):81\u201388, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2019.09.007.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"issue":"5","key":"3970_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-0980-1","volume":"42","author":"G Olender","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olender, G., C. Hurschler, B. Fleischer, K. I. Friese, A. Sukau, M. Gutberlet, et al. Validation of an Anatomical Coordinate System for Clinical Evaluation of the Knee Joint in Upright and Closed MRI. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 42(5):1133\u20131142, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-014-0980-1.","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering."},{"issue":"5","key":"3970_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.12.013","volume":"47","author":"S Kai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kai, S., T. Sato, Y. Koga, G. Omori, K. Kobayashi, M. Sakamoto, et al. Automatic construction of an anatomical coordinate system for three-dimensional bone models of the lower extremities\u2013pelvis, femur, and tibia. Journal of biomechanics. 47(5):1229\u20131233, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.12.013.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics."},{"key":"3970_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.07.005","volume":"95","author":"A Asvadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asvadi, A., G. Dardenne, J. Troccaz, and V. Burdin. Bone surface reconstruction and clinical features estimation from sparse landmarks and Statistical Shape Models: a feasibility study on the femur. Medical engineering & physics. 95:30\u201338, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.07.005.","journal-title":"Medical engineering & physics."},{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.10.029","volume":"21","author":"JR Peters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters, J. R., S. E. Servaes, P. J. Cahill, and S. Balasubramanian. Morphology and growth of the pediatric lumbar vertebrae. The spine journal\u202f: official journal of the North American Spine Society. 21(4):682\u2013697, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.10.029.","journal-title":"The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society."},{"issue":"619","key":"3970_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.227","volume":"132","author":"R Swinbank","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swinbank, R., and Purser R. James. Fibonacci grids: A novel approach to global modelling. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 132(619):1769\u20131793, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1256\/qj.05.227.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-009-9257-x","volume":"42","author":"\u00c1 Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, \u00c1. Measurement of Areas on a Sphere Using Fibonacci and Latitude-Longitude Lattices. Mathematical Geosciences. 42(1):49\u201364, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11004-009-9257-x.","journal-title":"Mathematical Geosciences."},{"issue":"7","key":"3970_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.15231","volume":"43","author":"ZK Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Z. K., A. Y. Huang, W. R. Jia, Q. Y. Wu, M. Q. Wei, and J. Wang. FSH3D: 3D Representation via Fibonacci Spherical Harmonics. Comput Graph Forum. 43(7):11, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.15231.","journal-title":"Comput Graph Forum."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12900","volume":"234","author":"N T\u00fcmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"T\u00fcmer, N., V. Arbabi, W. P. Gielis, P. A. de Jong, H. Weinans, G. J. M. Tuijthof, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of shape variations and symmetry of the fibula, tibia, calcaneus and talus. Journal of anatomy. 234(1):132\u2013144, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12900.","journal-title":"Journal of anatomy."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00224-020-10009-6","volume":"65","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y., J. Wang, B. Pullman, N. Bandeira, and Y. Papakonstantinou. Index-based, High-dimensional, Cosine Threshold Querying with Optimality Guarantees. Theory of Computing Systems. 65(1):42\u201383, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00224-020-10009-6.","journal-title":"Theory of Computing Systems."},{"key":"3970_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3760\/CMA.J.ISSN.1671-7600.2019.10.013","volume":"21","author":"Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Y., L. Zhiyuan, L. Yihao, Y. Zezheng, K. Wan, F. Liu, et al. Accuracy evaluation for 3D bone reconstruction based on medical 3D reconstruction software. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 21:894\u2013900, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/CMA.J.ISSN.1671-7600.2019.10.013.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma."},{"key":"3970_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu G, Tian R, Kong N, Li Y, Li Y, et al. The patellofemoral morphology and the normal predicted value of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance in the Chinese population. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2021;22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04454-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04454-8"},{"issue":"12","key":"3970_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515606102","volume":"43","author":"K Kita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kita, K., Y. Tanaka, Y. Toritsuka, H. Amano, R. Uchida, R. Takao, et al. Factors Affecting the Outcomes of Double-Bundle Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Dislocations Evaluated by Multivariate Analysis. The American journal of sports medicine. 43(12):2988\u20132996, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546515606102.","journal-title":"The American journal of sports medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5062-8","volume":"27","author":"GY Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, G. Y., H. Y. Ding, E. M. Li, L. Zheng, Z. W. Bai, H. Shi, et al. Incidence of second-time lateral patellar dislocation is associated with anatomic factors, age and injury patterns of medial patellofemoral ligament in first-time lateral patellar dislocation: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study with 5-year follow-up. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 27(1):197\u2013205, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-018-5062-8.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"issue":"11","key":"3970_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-06979-4","volume":"30","author":"A Essa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Essa, A., D. Lindner, S. Khatib, R. Gilat, N. Shabshin, E. Tamir, et al. Individualized tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance-to-patellar length ratio (TT-TG\/PL) is a more reliable measurement than TT-TG alone for evaluating patellar instability. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 30(11):3644\u20133650, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-022-06979-4.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"issue":"6","key":"3970_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2014.07.007","volume":"21","author":"NP Sullivan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sullivan, N. P., P. W. Robinson, A. Ansari, M. Hassaballa, J. R. Robinson, A. J. Porteous, et al. Bristol index of patellar width to thickness (BIPWiT): a reproducible measure of patellar thickness from adult MRI. Knee. 21(6):1058\u20131062, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2014.07.007.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"issue":"3","key":"3970_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2312-z","volume":"22","author":"AM Merican","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merican, A. M., K. M. Ghosh, F. R. Baena, D. J. Deehan, and A. A. Amis. Patellar thickness and lateral retinacular release affects patellofemoral kinematics in total knee arthroplasty. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 22(3):526\u2013533, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2312-z.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"issue":"9","key":"3970_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.03.016","volume":"46","author":"CK Fitzpatrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, C. K., R. H. Kim, A. A. Ali, L. M. Smoger, and P. J. Rullkoetter. Effects of resection thickness on mechanics of resurfaced patellae. Journal of biomechanics. 46(9):1568\u20131575, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.03.016.","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics."},{"issue":"1","key":"3970_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01552649","volume":"2","author":"H Dejour","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dejour, H., G. Walch, L. Nove-Josserand, and C. Guier. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 2(1):19\u201326, 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01552649.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"issue":"3","key":"3970_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0160(03)00006-1","volume":"10","author":"AA Amis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Amis, A. A., P. Firer, J. Mountney, W. Senavongse, and N. P. Thomas. Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee. 10(3):215\u2013220, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0968-0160(03)00006-1.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"issue":"2","key":"3970_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2005.12.005","volume":"13","author":"SF Fucentese","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fucentese, S. F., A. von Roll, P. P. Koch, D. R. Epari, B. Fuchs, and P. B. Schottle. The patella morphology in trochlear dysplasia\u2013a comparative MRI study. Knee. 13(2):145\u2013150, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2005.12.005.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"issue":"11","key":"3970_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.11.639","volume":"33","author":"CM Powers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powers, C. M. The influence of altered lower-extremity kinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: a theoretical perspective. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 33(11):639\u2013646, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.11.639.","journal-title":"The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy."},{"issue":"9","key":"3970_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506287486","volume":"34","author":"JJ Elias","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elias, J. J., and A. J. Cosgarea. Technical errors during medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction could overload medial patellofemoral cartilage: a computational analysis. The American journal of sports medicine. 34(9):1478\u20131485, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546506287486.","journal-title":"The American journal of sports medicine."},{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.87b4.14768","volume":"87","author":"W Senavongse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Senavongse, W., and A. A. Amis. The effects of articular, retinacular, or muscular deficiencies on patellofemoral joint stability: a biomechanical study in vitro. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume. 87(4):577\u2013582, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.87b4.14768.","journal-title":"The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume."},{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05660-7","volume":"28","author":"A Otto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Otto, A., P. M. Tscholl, R. P\u00e4\u00e4suke, E. Herbst, L. Willinger, A. B. Imhoff, et al. Neither lateral patellar facet nor patellar size are altered in patellofemoral unstable patients: a comparative magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy\u202f: official journal of the ESSKA. 28(4):1064\u20131071, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-019-05660-7.","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA."},{"issue":"3","key":"3970_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519841304","volume":"48","author":"C Huber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber, C., Q. Zhang, W. R. Taylor, A. A. Amis, C. Smith, and S. H. Hosseini Nasab. Properties and Function of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: A Systematic Review. The American journal of sports medicine. 48(3):754\u2013766, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546519841304.","journal-title":"The American journal of sports medicine."},{"issue":"4","key":"3970_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.12.008","volume":"31","author":"JFA Eijkenboom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eijkenboom, J. F. A., N. T\u00fcmer, D. Schiphof, E. H. Oei, A. A. Zadpoor, S. M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra, et al. 3D patellar shape is associated with radiological and clinical signs of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 31(4):534\u2013542, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2022.12.008.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:13:17Z","timestamp":1782234797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-025-03970-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Biological and Medical Ethics Committee of Beihang University, with the ethical reference number BM20200055.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form, including individual details, images, videos, or other personally identifiable information. Therefore, the requirement for consent for publication is not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}