{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T03:55:48Z","timestamp":1783828548763,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neural vision restoration is a rapidly advancing discipline at the intersection of neuroscience, bioengineering, and ophthalmology. This review synthesizes emerging strategies to restore visual perception through retinal prostheses, optic nerve and thalamic implants, cortical brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), optogenetics, and non-invasive stimulation. Although initial experiments have demonstrated primitive visual abilities such as light perception and motion detection, artificial vision remains cognitively demanding and fundamentally different\u00a0 from natural vision. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning may enable adaptive, closed-loop systems that optimize stimulation, enhance low-light vision, and integrate environmental inputs for more intelligible percepts. At the same time, a growing understanding of neural plasticity, cortical remapping, and perceptual learning highlights the need for multidisciplinary strategies in visual\u00a0rehabilitation. Ethical and regulatory concerns, including informed consent, data protection, neural enhancement, and equitable access, remain central to responsible implementation. The potential of BCIs to bypass the eye entirely, and of neuroprosthetics to be used in spaceflight, disaster response, or military medicine, expands the applications of vision restoration beyond blindness alone. Bridging technological, clinical, and ethical strategies in this review outlines the challenges and opportunities that define the future of neural ophthalmology. Ultimately, restoring sight will require not only functioning hardware, but systems compatible with the reorganized brain and the lived\u00a0experience of visual loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:03:02Z","timestamp":1770991382000},"page":"2077-2096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural Vision Restoration in Ophthalmology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3088-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jainam","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4617-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin","family":"Pathuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raena","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Melkumyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8365-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4245-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimia","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2702-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Golnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3989_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carleton M, Oesch NW. Bridging the gap of vision restoration. Front Cell Neurosci. 2024;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2024.1502473","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1502473"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0660-1","volume":"16","author":"S Niketeghad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niketeghad, S., and N. Pouratian. Brain Machine Interfaces for Vision Restoration: The Current State of Cortical Visual Prosthetics. Neurotherapeutics. 16(1):134\u2013143, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-018-0660-1.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2009.07.003","volume":"21","author":"W Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, W., J. L. Collinger, M. A. Perez, et al. Neural Interface Technology for Rehabilitation: Exploiting and Promoting Neuroplasticity. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 21(1):157\u2013178, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2009.07.003.","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1508","volume":"13","author":"L Rockliffe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rockliffe, L. Including non-English language articles in systematic reviews: A reflection on processes for identifying low-cost sources of translation support. Res Synth Methods. 13(1):2\u20135, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1508.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods."},{"issue":"13","key":"3989_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135782","volume":"23","author":"KY Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, K. Y., M. Mina, J. Y. Sahyoun, A. Kalevar, and S. D. Tran. Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives for Vision Restoration. Sensors. 23(13):5782, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135782.","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"3989_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hildebrand GD, Fielder AR. Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina. In: Reynolds J, Olitsky S, eds. Pediatric Retina. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2011:39-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-12041-1_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12041-1_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0520-2","volume":"4","author":"D Ghezzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghezzi, D. Translation of a photovoltaic retinal prosthesis. Nat Biomed Eng. 4(2):137\u2013138, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-020-0520-2.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.04.032","volume":"122","author":"AC Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho, A. C., M. S. Humayun, J. D. Dorn, et al. Long-Term Results from an Epiretinal Prosthesis to Restore Sight to the Blind. Ophthalmology. 122(8):1547\u20131554, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.04.032.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1476","volume":"137","author":"K Schaffrath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schaffrath, K., H. Schellhase, P. Walter, et al. One-Year Safety and Performance Assessment of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis: A Postapproval Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 137(8):896, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1476.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301525","volume":"97","author":"L Da Cruz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Da Cruz, L., B. F. Coley, J. Dorn, et al. The Argus II epiretinal prosthesis system allows letter and word reading and long-term function in patients with profound vision loss. Br J Ophthalmol. 97(5):632\u2013636, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301525.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaophthalmol.221","volume":"131","author":"JD Dorn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dorn, J. D., A. K. Ahuja, A. Caspi, et al. The Detection of Motion by Blind Subjects With the Epiretinal 60-Electrode (Argus II) Retinal Prosthesis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 131(2):183, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/2013.jamaophthalmol.221.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229189","volume":"16","author":"C Erickson-Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erickson-Davis, C., and H. Korzybska. What do blind people \u201csee\u201d with retinal prostheses? Observations and qualitative reports of epiretinal implant users. Price NSC, ed. PLoS ONE. 16(2):e0229189, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229189.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.028","volume":"119","author":"MS Humayun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Humayun, M. S., J. D. Dorn, L. Da Cruz, et al. Interim Results from the International Trial of Second Sight\u2019s Visual Prosthesis. Ophthalmology. 119(4):779\u2013788, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.028.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"3989_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pixium Vision: First Clinical Results and Innovative Developments | SpringerLink. Accessed December 2, 2025. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-41876-6_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41876-6_8"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-110323-025244","volume":"11","author":"D Palanker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Palanker, D., J. D. Weiland, B. Rosin, and J. A. Sahel. Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 11(1):125\u2013147, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-vision-110323-025244.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci."},{"key":"3989_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-023-00498-1","volume":"9","author":"KA Ramirez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramirez, K. A., L. E. Drew-Bear, M. Vega-Garces, H. Betancourt-Belandria, and J. F. Arevalo. An update on visual prosthesis. Int J Retina Vitreous. 9:73, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-023-00498-1.","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00836-4","volume":"7","author":"J Cehajic-Kapetanovic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cehajic-Kapetanovic, J., M. S. Singh, E. Zrenner, and R. E. MacLaren. Bioengineering strategies for restoring vision. Nat Biomed Eng. 7(4):387\u2013404, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-021-00836-4.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.019","volume":"125","author":"TL Edwards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards, T. L., C. L. Cottriall, K. Xue, et al. Assessment of the Electronic Retinal Implant Alpha AMS in Restoring Vision to Blind Patients with End-Stage Retinitis Pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. 125(3):432\u2013443, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.019.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"3989_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251584141881750","DOI":"10.1177\/2515841418817501","volume":"11","author":"E Bloch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bloch, E., Y. Luo, and L. Da Cruz. Advances in retinal prosthesis systems. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 11:2515841418817501, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515841418817501.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Eye Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2797-x","volume":"253","author":"VBD Kitiratschky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kitiratschky, V. B. D., K. Stingl, B. Wilhelm, et al. Safety evaluation of \u201cretina implant alpha IMS\u201d\u2014a prospective clinical trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 253(3):381\u2013387, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-014-2797-x.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac8e31","volume":"19","author":"BY Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, B. Y., Z. C. Chen, M. Bhuckory, A. Kochnev Goldstein, and D. Palanker. Pixel size limit of the PRIMA implants: from humans to rodents and back. J Neural Eng.19(5):055003, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac8e31.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100510","volume":"4","author":"MMK Muqit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muqit, M. M. K., Y. Le Mer, L. Olmos De Koo, F. G. Holz, J. A. Sahel, and D. Palanker. Prosthetic Visual Acuity with the PRIMA Subretinal Microchip in Patients with Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration at 4 Years Follow-up. Ophthalmology Science. 4(5):100510, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100510.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science."},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.024","volume":"127","author":"D Palanker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palanker, D., Y. Le Mer, S. Mohand-Said, M. Muqit, and J. A. Sahel. Photovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology. 127(8):1097\u20131104, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.024.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"3989_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122674","volume":"311","author":"MB Bhuckory","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhuckory, M. B., B. Y. Wang, Z. C. Chen, et al. 3D electronic implants in subretinal space: Long-term follow-up in rodents. Biomaterials.311:122674, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122674.","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"issue":"435","key":"3989_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao4097","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4097","volume":"10","author":"AH Kashani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kashani, A. H., J. S. Lebkowski, F. M. Rahhal, et al. A bioengineered retinal pigment epithelial monolayer for advanced, dry age-related macular degeneration. Sci Transl Med. 10(435):eaao4097, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4097.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"3989_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100779","volume":"75","author":"MS Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, M. S., S. S. Park, T. A. Albini, et al. Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.75:100779, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100779.","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research."},{"key":"3989_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohanty SK, Mahapatra S, Batabyal S, et al. A synthetic opsin restores vision in patients with severe retinal degeneration. Molecular Therapy. Published online March 2025:S1525001625002059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.031"},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR28","first-page":"5443","volume":"64","author":"DS Boyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boyer, D. S., L. Bergstrom, A. Emanuelli, et al. Efficacy and safety of MCO-010 optogenetic therapy for vision restoration in patients with severe vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa: A phase 2b randomized, sham-controlled, multi-center, multi-dose, double-masked clinical trial (RESTORE). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 64(8):5443\u20135443, 2023.","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.010","volume":"126","author":"MMK Muqit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muqit, M. M. K., M. Velikay-Parel, M. Weber, et al. Six-Month Safety and Efficacy of the Intelligent Retinal Implant System II Device in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. 126(4):637\u2013639, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.010.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4410","volume":"52","author":"S Klauke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klauke, S., M. Goertz, S. Rein, et al. Stimulation with a Wireless Intraocular Epiretinal Implant Elicits Visual Percepts in Blind Humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52(1):449, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4410.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"3989_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.001","volume":"111","author":"K Stingl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stingl, K., K. U. Bartz-Schmidt, D. Besch, et al. Subretinal Visual Implant Alpha IMS \u2013 Clinical trial interim report. Vision Research. 111:149\u2013160, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.001.","journal-title":"Vision Research."},{"key":"3989_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00445","volume":"11","author":"K Stingl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stingl, K., R. Schippert, K. U. Bartz-Schmidt, et al. Interim Results of a Multicenter Trial with the New Electronic Subretinal Implant Alpha AMS in 15 Patients Blind from Inherited Retinal Degenerations. Front Neurosci. 11:445, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00445.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100525","volume":"5","author":"MA Petoe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Petoe, M. A., C. J. Abbott, S. A. Titchener, et al. A Second-Generation (44-Channel) Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis: A Single-Arm Clinical Trial of Feasibility. Ophthalmology Science.5(1):100525, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100525.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science."},{"issue":"14","key":"3989_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20367","volume":"57","author":"T Fujikado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujikado, T., M. Kamei, H. Sakaguchi, et al. One-Year Outcome of 49-Channel Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation Prosthesis in Patients With Advanced Retinitis Pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 57(14):6147, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-20367.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.01.001","volume":"17","author":"AH Kashani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kashani, A. H., J. S. Lebkowski, D. R. Hinton, et al. Survival of an HLA-mismatched, bioengineered RPE implant in dry age-related macular degeneration. Stem Cell Reports. 17(3):448\u2013458, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.01.001.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-009-0467-2","volume":"12","author":"H Sakaguchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, H., M. Kamei, T. Fujikado, et al. Artificial vision by direct optic nerve electrode (AV-DONE) implantation in a blind patient with retinitis pigmentosa. J Artif Organs. 12(3):206\u2013209, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10047-009-0467-2.","journal-title":"J Artif Organs."},{"issue":"13","key":"3989_CR37","first-page":"4442","volume":"48","author":"H Sakaguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, H., E. Yonezawa, H. Kanda, et al. Artificial Vision by Direct Optic Nerve Electrode (AV-DONE) for a Patient with Retinitis Pigmentosa. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 48(13):4442\u20134442, 2007.","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science."},{"issue":"12","key":"3989_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111321","volume":"27","author":"S Romeni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Romeni, S., D. De Luca, L. Pierantoni, et al. A computational model to design wide field-of-view optic nerve neuroprostheses. iScience. 27(12):111321, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111321.","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"3989_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaillet V, Zollinger EG, Ghezzi D. A machine-learning algorithm correctly classifies cortical evoked potentials from both natural retinal stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. Bioengineering. Preprint posted online March 29, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.03.27.437330","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.27.437330"},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abf523","volume":"18","author":"V Gaillet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaillet, V., E. Borda, E. G. Zollinger, and D. Ghezzi. A machine-learning algorithm correctly classifies cortical evoked potentials from both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. J Neural Eng.18(4):046031, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abf523.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"3989_CR41","first-page":"826","volume":"9","author":"F Tarlochan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarlochan, F. Action Potential of Lateral Geniculate Neurons at Low Threshold Currents: Simulation Study. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering. 9:826\u2013830, 2015.","journal-title":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering."},{"key":"3989_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyada MJ, Killian NJ, Pezaris JS. Thalamic Visual Prosthesis Project. In: Gabel VP, ed. Artificial Vision. Springer International Publishing; 2017:177-189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-41876-6_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41876-6_14"},{"key":"3989_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jawwad A, Abolfotuh HH, Abdullah B, Mahdi HMK, Eldawlatly S. A Kalman-based encoder for electrical stimulation modulation in a thalamic network model. In: 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE; 2015:1-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIBE.2015.7367642","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2015.7367642"},{"key":"3989_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J, Azimi H, Zhao Y, et al. Optogenetic activation of visual thalamus generates artificial visual percepts. Neuroscience. Preprint posted online December 8, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.12.07.519434","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.07.519434"},{"key":"3989_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.020","volume":"1595","author":"PM Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis, P. M., H. M. Ackland, A. J. Lowery, and J. V. Rosenfeld. Restoration of vision in blind individuals using bionic devices: a review with a focus on cortical visual prostheses. Brain Res. 1595:51\u201373, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.020.","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR46","first-page":"2842","volume":"64","author":"MP Barry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barry, M. P., R. Sadeghi, V. L. Towle, et al. Preliminary visual function for the first human with the Intracortical Visual Prosthesis (ICVP). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 64(8):2842\u20132842, 2023.","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19280","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19280","volume":"6","author":"Z Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding, Z., J. Li, D. P. Spiegel, et al. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on contrast sensitivity and visual evoked potential amplitude in adults with amblyopia. Sci Rep. 6(1):19280, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep19280.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00440.x","volume":"15","author":"EB Plow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Plow, E. B., S. N. Obretenova, M. L. Jackson, and L. B. Merabet. Temporal Profile of Functional Visual Rehabilitative Outcomes Modulated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Neuromodulation. 15(4):367\u2013373, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00440.x.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.12.003","volume":"9","author":"R Alber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alber, R., H. Moser, C. Gall, and B. A. Sabel. Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Vision Restoration Training in Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study. PM R. 9(8):787\u2013794, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.12.003.","journal-title":"PM R."},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10050577","volume":"10","author":"C Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong, C., R. Li, G. Lu, et al. Non-Invasive Hybrid Ultrasound Stimulation of Visual Cortex In Vivo. Bioengineering (Basel). 10(5):577, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10050577.","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)."},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2024.2349565","volume":"107","author":"AS Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, A. S., and B. Thompson. Non-invasive brain stimulation and vision rehabilitation: a clinical perspective. Clin Exp Optom. 107(6):594\u2013602, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2024.2349565.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom."},{"issue":"12","key":"3989_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01249-1","volume":"14","author":"X Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan, X., Y. Zhou, P. Zhang, W. Wen, and C. Zhao. Restoring Vision with Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 14(12):2959\u20132982, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01249-1.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2019.44270","volume":"49","author":"E \u00d6zmert","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00d6zmert, E., and U. Arslan. Retinal Prostheses and Artificial Vision. Turk J Ophthalmol. 49(4):213\u2013219, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2019.44270.","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"12","key":"3989_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.02.003","volume":"49","author":"SC Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, S. C., G. J. Suaning, J. W. Morley, and N. H. Lovell. Simulating prosthetic vision: I. Visual models of phosphenes. Vision Research. 49(12):1493\u20131506, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2009.02.003.","journal-title":"Visual models of phosphenes. Vision Research."},{"key":"3989_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85812","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85812","volume":"13","author":"M van der Grinten","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der Grinten, M., de Ruyter van Steveninck J, Lozano A, et al. Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses. Elife. 13:e85812, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.85812.","journal-title":"Elife."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00977-9","volume":"813","author":"C Veraart","year":"1998","unstructured":"Veraart, C., C. Raftopoulos, J. T. Mortimer, et al. Visual sensations produced by optic nerve stimulation using an implanted self-sizing spiral cuff electrode. Brain Research. 813(1):181\u2013186, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00977-9.","journal-title":"Brain Research."},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.10.168","volume":"14","author":"C Erb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erb, C., S. Eckert, P. Gindorf, et al. Electrical optic nerve stimulation halts progression of visual field loss in glaucoma patients. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation. 14(6):1640, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.10.168.","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.033","volume":"181","author":"MS Beauchamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beauchamp, M. S., D. Oswalt, P. Sun, et al. Dynamic Stimulation of Visual Cortex Produces Form Vision in Sighted and Blind Humans. Cell. 181(4):774-783.e5, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.033.","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65337-1","volume":"14","author":"I Fine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fine, I., and G. M. Boynton. A virtual patient simulation modeling the neural and perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation, from pulse trains to percepts. Sci Rep. 14(1):17400, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65337-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"15","key":"3989_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.5","volume":"64","author":"N Meital-Kfir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meital-Kfir, N., and J. S. Pezaris. The Influence of Phosphene Synchrony in Driving Object Binding in a Simulation of Artificial Vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 64(15):5, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.15.5.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"3989_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.11.11","volume":"63","author":"D Caravaca-Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caravaca-Rodriguez, D., S. P. Gaytan, G. J. Suaning, and A. Barriga-Rivera. Implications of Neural Plasticity in Retinal Prosthesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 63(11):11, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.11.11.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24709-1","volume":"12","author":"J Carvalho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carvalho, J., A. Invernizzi, J. Martins, R. J. Renken, and F. W. Cornelissen. Local neuroplasticity in adult glaucomatous visual cortex. Sci Rep. 12(1):21981, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24709-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"3989_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maimon-Mor RO, Farahbakhsh M, Hedger N, et al. Hierarchical cortical plasticity in congenital sight impairment. eLife. 2024;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.100404.1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.100404.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00983.2009","volume":"104","author":"LB Lewis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis, L. B., M. Saenz, and I. Fine. Mechanisms of Cross-Modal Plasticity in Early-Blind Subjects. J Neurophysiol. 104(6):2995\u20133008, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00983.2009.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"04","key":"3989_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635205000951","volume":"04","author":"M Ptito","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ptito, M., and R. Kupers. Cross-modal plasticity in early blindness. J Integr Neurosci. 04(04):479\u2013488, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0219635205000951.","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci."},{"issue":"18","key":"3989_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1460407","volume":"41","author":"ME Simpson-Jones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simpson-Jones, M. E., and A. W. Hunt. Vision rehabilitation interventions following mild traumatic brain injury: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil. 41(18):2206\u20132222, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2018.1460407.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328010852e","volume":"17","author":"CC Glisson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Glisson, C. C. Capturing the benefit of vision restoration therapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 17(6):504\u2013508, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328010852e.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227677","volume":"15","author":"M Sanchez-Garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez-Garcia, M., R. Martinez-Cantin, and J. J. Guerrero. Semantic and structural image segmentation for prosthetic vision. PLoS One.15(1):e0227677, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227677.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3989_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2017.11.001","volume":"84","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H., X. Su, J. Wang, et al. Image processing strategies based on saliency segmentation for object recognition under simulated prosthetic vision. Artif Intell Med. 84:64\u201378, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artmed.2017.11.001.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"3989_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250052","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065722500526","volume":"32","author":"B K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu, B., B. Rueckauer, N. Ahmad, J. van Steveninck, and de R, G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc U, van Gerven M,. Optimization of Neuroprosthetic Vision via End-to-End Deep Reinforcement Learning. Int J Neural Syst. 32(11):2250052, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0129065722500526.","journal-title":"Int J Neural Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"3989_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050045","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065720500458","volume":"30","author":"A Lozano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lozano, A., J. S. Su\u00e1rez, C. Soto-S\u00e1nchez, et al. Neurolight: A Deep Learning Neural Interface for Cortical Visual Prostheses. Int J Neural Syst. 30(9):2050045, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0129065720500458.","journal-title":"Int J Neural Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/4\/046009","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, J., X. Wu, Y. Lu, H. Wu, H. Kan, and X. Chai. Face recognition in simulated prosthetic vision: face detection-based image processing strategies. J Neural Eng.11(4):046009, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/4\/046009.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"3989_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang C, Fang C, Zou Y, Yang J, Sawan M. Artificial intelligence techniques for retinal prostheses: a comprehensive review and future direction. J Neural Eng. 2023;20(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/acb295","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acb295"},{"key":"3989_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beyeler M, Sanchez-Garcia M. Towards a Smart Bionic Eye: AI-Powered Artificial Vision for the Treatment of Incurable Blindness. J Neural Eng. 2022;19(6):https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca69d","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca69d"},{"issue":"11","key":"3989_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.109","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Z. Ma, H. Zheng, et al. The combination of brain-computer interfaces and artificial intelligence: applications and challenges. Ann Transl Med. 8(11):712, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm.2019.11.109.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"3989_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311734","volume":"19","author":"J Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan, J., U. Zaman, E. Lee, et al. Optimizing prediction accuracy in dynamic systems through neural network integration with Kalman and alpha-beta filters. PLOS ONE.19(10):e0311734, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311734.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"7","key":"3989_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101095","volume":"4","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z., L. Wang, X. Wu, et al. Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: The path to the real-world clinic. Cell Rep Med.4(7):101095, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101095.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010100","volume":"13","author":"N Anton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anton, N., B. Doroftei, S. Curteanu, et al. Comprehensive Review on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology and Future Research Directions. Diagnostics (Basel). 13(1):100, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13010100.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9712-7","volume":"22","author":"E Klein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein, E. Informed Consent in Implantable BCI Research: Identifying Risks and Exploring Meaning. Sci Eng Ethics. 22(5):1299\u20131317, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-015-9712-7.","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics."},{"key":"3989_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Livanis E, Voultsos P, Vadikolias K, Pantazakos P, Tsaroucha A. Understanding the Ethical Issues of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs): A Blessing or the Beginning of a Dystopian Future? Cureus. 16(4):58243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.58243","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58243"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5b7f","volume":"17","author":"S Naufel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naufel, S., and E. Klein. Brain-computer interface (BCI) researcher perspectives on neural data ownership and privacy. J Neural Eng.17(1):016039, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5b7f.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"3989_CR82","unstructured":"Office USGA. Brain-Computer Interfaces: Applications, Challenges, and Policy Options | U.S. GAO. Accessed April 23, 2025. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-25-106952"},{"key":"3989_CR83","unstructured":"California SB1223 | 2023-2024 | Regular Session. LegiScan. Accessed April 23, 2025. https:\/\/legiscan.com\/CA\/text\/SB1223\/id\/2962687"},{"key":"3989_CR84","unstructured":"Minnesota HF1094 | 2023-2024 | 93rd Legislature. LegiScan. Accessed April 23, 2025. https:\/\/legiscan.com\/MN\/research\/HF1094\/2023"},{"key":"3989_CR85","unstructured":"Priola K, Baisley M, Soper M, Kipp C. Protect Privacy of Biological Data."},{"key":"3989_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schroder T, Sirbu R, Park S, Morley J, Street S, Floridi L. Cyber Risks to Next-Gen Brain-Computer Interfaces: Analysis and Recommendations. Social Science Research Network. Preprint posted online February 5, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5138265","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5138265"},{"key":"3989_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sirbu R, Morley J, Schroder T, et al. Regulating Next-Generation Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces: Recommendations for Ethical Development and Implementation. arXiv. Preprint posted online July 21, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2506.12540","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.12540"},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100063","volume":"8","author":"I Jada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jada, I., and T. O. Mayayise. The impact of artificial intelligence on organisational cyber security: An outcome of a systematic literature review. Data and Information Management.8(2):100063, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100063.","journal-title":"Data and Information Management."},{"issue":"11","key":"3989_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10110150","volume":"10","author":"N Rawindaran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rawindaran, N., A. Jayal, and E. Prakash. Machine Learning Cybersecurity Adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises in Developed Countries. Computers. 10(11):150, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers10110150.","journal-title":"Computers."},{"key":"3989_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119000","volume":"639","author":"M Keshk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keshk, M., N. Koroniotis, N. Pham, N. Moustafa, B. Turnbull, and A. Y. Zomaya. An explainable deep learning-enabled intrusion detection framework in IoT networks. Information Sciences.639:119000, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119000.","journal-title":"Information Sciences."},{"key":"3989_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102422","volume":"110","author":"E Hariyanti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hariyanti, E., A. Djunaidy, and D. Siahaan. Information security vulnerability prediction based on business process model using machine learning approach. Computers & Security.110:102422, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102422.","journal-title":"Computers & Security."},{"issue":"21","key":"3989_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217029","volume":"21","author":"R Raimundo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raimundo, R., and A. Ros\u00e1rio. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Data System Security: A Literature Review. Sensors. 21(21):7029, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217029.","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21451","volume":"333","author":"HJ Warraich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Warraich, H. J., T. Tazbaz, and R. M. Califf. FDA Perspective on the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care and Biomedicine. JAMA. 333(3):241\u2013247, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.21451.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.514381","volume":"6","author":"FJ Lane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lane, F. J., M. H. Huyck, and P. Troyk. Looking ahead: planning for the first human intracortical visual prosthesis by using pilot data from focus groups of potential users. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 6(2):139\u2013147, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17483107.2010.514381.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2014.961178","volume":"11","author":"FJ Lane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lane, F. J., K. Nitsch, M. Huyck, P. Troyk, and K. Schug. Perspectives of optic nerve prostheses. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 11(4):301\u2013309, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17483107.2014.961178.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"3989_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002899","volume":"22","author":"EC Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon, E. C., and A. K. Seth. Ethical considerations for the use of brain-computer interfaces for cognitive enhancement. PLoS Biol.22(10):e3002899, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002899.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/2\/021002","volume":"13","author":"W Glannon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glannon, W. Ethical issues in neuroprosthetics. J Neural Eng.13(2):021002, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/2\/021002.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180116000359","volume":"25","author":"P Kellmeyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kellmeyer, P., T. Cochrane, O. M\u00fcller, et al. The Effects of Closed-Loop Medical Devices on the Autonomy and Accountability of Persons and Systems. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 25(4):623\u2013633, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0963180116000359.","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics."},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab39cd","volume":"16","author":"M Sample","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sample, M., M. Aunos, S. Blain-Moraes, et al. Brain-computer interfaces and personhood: interdisciplinary deliberations on neural technology. J Neural Eng.16(6):063001, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab39cd.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-012-9176-2","volume":"6","author":"K Jebari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jebari, K. Brain Machine Interface and Human Enhancement \u2013 An Ethical Review. Neuroethics. 6(3):617\u2013625, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-012-9176-2.","journal-title":"Neuroethics."},{"key":"3989_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Velthoven E a. M, van Stuijvenberg OC, Haselager DRE, et al. Ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses-a systematic review. J Neural Eng. 2022;19(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac65b2","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac65b2"},{"key":"3989_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S258783","volume":"14","author":"DL Demmin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demmin, D. L., and S. M. Silverstein. Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options. Clin Ophthalmol. 14:4229\u20134251, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S258783.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"3989_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2010.05.0080","volume":"48","author":"P Grant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grant, P., W. Seiple, and J. P. Szlyk. Effect of depression on actual and perceived effects of reading rehabilitation for people with central vision loss. J Rehabil Res Dev. 48(9):1101\u20131108, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1682\/jrrd.2010.05.0080.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1250172","volume":"40","author":"E Holloway","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holloway, E., B. Sturrock, E. Lamoureux, et al. Can we address depression in vision rehabilitation settings? Professionals\u2019 perspectives on the barriers to integrating problem-solving treatment. Disabil Rehabil. 40(3):287\u2013295, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2016.1250172.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14615","volume":"30","author":"X Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai, X., T. Cao, Q. He, et al. Brain\u2013computer interface digital prescription for neurological disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther.30(2):e14615, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14615.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010043","volume":"11","author":"A Kawala-Sterniuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kawala-Sterniuk, A., N. Browarska, A. Al-Bakri, et al. Summary of over Fifty Years with Brain-Computer Interfaces\u2014A Review. Brain Sci. 11(1):43, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010043.","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34310-9","volume":"13","author":"M Ezzat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ezzat, M., M. Maged, Y. Gamal, M. Adel, M. Alrahmawy, and S. El-Metwally. Blink-To-Live eye-based communication system for users with speech impairments. Sci Rep. 13(1):7961, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-34310-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-019-09406-7","volume":"14","author":"T Stieglitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stieglitz, T. Why Neurotechnologies? About the Purposes, Opportunities and Limitations of Neurotechnologies in Clinical Applications. Neuroethics. 14(1):5\u201316, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12152-019-09406-7.","journal-title":"Neuroethics."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/2\/020201","volume":"8","author":"TM Vaughan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vaughan, T. M., and J. R. Wolpaw. Special issue containing contributions from the Fourth International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting. J Neural Eng.8(2):020201, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/2\/020201.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"3989_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.2478\/s11536-013-0210-5","volume":"8","author":"E Miko\u0142ajewska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miko\u0142ajewska, E., and D. Miko\u0142ajewski. Ethical considerations in the use of brain-computer interfaces. Cent. Eur. J. Med. 8(6):720\u2013724, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11536-013-0210-5.","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0024363920930882","volume":"87","author":"CM Reilly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reilly, C. M. Brain-Machine Interfaces as Commodities: Exchanging Mind for Matter. Linacre Q. 87(4):387\u2013398, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0024363920930882.","journal-title":"Linacre Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58084-y","volume":"16","author":"MB Bhuckory","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhuckory, M. B., N. Monkongpitukkul, A. Shin, et al. Enhancing prosthetic vision by upgrade of a subretinal photovoltaic implant in situ. Nat Commun. 16(1):2820, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-58084-y.","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"3989_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2019.e00078","volume":"6","author":"D Rotermund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rotermund, D., U. A. Ernst, and K. R. Pawelzik. Open Hardware for neuro-prosthesis research: A study about a closed-loop multi-channel system for electrical surface stimulations and measurements. HardwareX.6:e00078, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ohx.2019.e00078.","journal-title":"HardwareX."},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020134","volume":"14","author":"D Giansanti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giansanti, D. Advancements in Ocular Neuro-Prosthetics: Bridging Neuroscience and Information and Communication Technology for Vision Restoration. Biology (Basel). 14(2):134, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14020134.","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)."},{"key":"3989_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farnum A, Pelled G. New Vision for Visual Prostheses. Front Neurosci. 2020;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00036","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00036"},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2021.1907468","volume":"45","author":"L Pio-Lopez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pio-Lopez, L., R. Poulkouras, and D. Depannemaecker. Visual cortical prosthesis: an electrical perspective. J Med Eng Technol. 45(5):394\u2013407, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03091902.2021.1907468.","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.103","volume":"2","author":"G Ganis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ganis, G., and H. E. Schendan. Visual imagery. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2(3):239\u2013252, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcs.103.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"3989_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224896","volume":"14","author":"S Chaloulakou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chaloulakou, S., K. A. Poulia, and D. Karayiannis. Physiological Alterations in Relation to Space Flight: The Role of Nutrition. Nutrients. 14(22):4896, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14224896.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"7","key":"3989_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-322892","volume":"107","author":"J Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong, J., W. Tarver, T. Brunstetter, et al. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome: proposed pathogenesis, terrestrial analogues, and emerging countermeasures. Br J Ophthalmol. 107(7):895\u2013900, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2022-322892.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"10","key":"3989_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002896","volume":"22","author":"E Fernandez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez, E., and J. A. Robles. Advances and challenges in the development of visual prostheses. PLoS Biol.22(10):e3002896, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002896.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"3989_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53355-5.00001-4","volume":"192","author":"LB Merabet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merabet, L. B. Building the Bionic Eye: An Emerging Reality and Opportunity. Prog Brain Res. 192:3\u201315, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53355-5.00001-4.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14752-8","volume":"7","author":"MF Reschke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reschke, M. F., O. I. Kolev, and G. Cl\u00e9ment. Eye-Head Coordination in 31 Space Shuttle Astronauts during Visual Target Acquisition. Sci Rep. 7(1):14283, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-14752-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:13:50Z","timestamp":1782234830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03989-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript is a narrative review and does not involve human subjects, identifiable data, or clinical interventions requiring ethics approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not include any individual person\u2019s data (including images or case details).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Andrew G. Lee, MD has served as a consultant for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Football League (NFL), US Department of Justice, and is a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Argenx, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Alexion, Celgene, Stoke, Ethyreal, Catalyst, Dompe, and Viridian. Dr. Lee is also on the editorial board of Frontiers in Ophthalmology, Eye, JNO, CJO, JJO, Survey of Ophthalmology, and JAMA Ophthalmology. The other authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}