{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:09:06Z","timestamp":1779221346471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021529","name":"Prince of Wales Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021529","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001775","name":"University of Technology Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is an objective biomarker of ocular sun exposure, aiding in the assessment of ophthalmohelioses and other UV-related eye conditions. However, conventional CUVAF imaging requires a bulky and costly benchtop digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera system. This study evaluates the validity of a smartphone-based clip-on tool as a portable, affordable alternative for CUVAF imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>95 participants were recruited from an ophthalmology clinic in Sydney, Australia. Nasal and temporal conjunctival images were captured using both DSLR-based and smartphone-based systems. CUVAF was quantified using two parameters: area ratio (CUVAF area relative to visible sclera) and intensity ratio (CUVAF mean intensity relative to adjacent background). Agreement between systems were assessed using Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 58\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u00a0years, with 42% identifying as male. CUVAF area ratios were slightly higher in smartphone images (0.037\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03) compared to DSLR (0.022\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Intensity ratios showed no significant difference between systems (smartphone: 1.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24, DSLR: 1.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43). Bland\u2013Altman plots demonstrated good agreement, with mean differences of \u2212\u00a00.014 for area and 0.041 for intensity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The smartphone-based CUVAF imaging tool demonstrates strong agreement with the gold-standard DSLR system, supporting its potential for clinical and field-based assessment of ocular UV exposure. Slight differences in measured CUVAF area are likely attributable to inherent differences in optical geometry and magnification between the two devices, not underlying biological variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-03992-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T16:17:05Z","timestamp":1769617025000},"page":"1738-1745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a Portable Tool for Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Bahra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Damnjanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koko","family":"Faen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Agar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4479-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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No financial or commercial relationships exist that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Technology Sydney\u2019s Human Research Ethics Committee (ETH23-8875) and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and data were deidentified prior to analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}