{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:39:35Z","timestamp":1787841575553,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:28:54Z","timestamp":1771871334000},"page":"2897-2920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Magnesium Ions and Hydrogen Gas in Biodegradable Mg Implants: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Windows, and Translational Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3096-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad Hossein","family":"Mousavian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasily Anatolievich","family":"Bautin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4001_CR1","first-page":"385","volume":"9","author":"R Zan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zan, R., H. Wang, W. Cai, J. Ni, B. J. Luthringer-Feyerabend, W. Wang, et al. Controlled release of hydrogen by implantation of magnesium induces P53-mediated tumor cells apoptosis. Bioact. mater. 9:385\u2013396, 2022.","journal-title":"Bioact. mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR2","first-page":"136","volume":"12","author":"P Chakraborty Banerjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chakraborty Banerjee, P., S. Al-Saadi, L. Choudhary, S. E. Harandi, and R. Singh. Magnes. Implant. Prospect. chall. Mater. 12(1):136, 2019.","journal-title":"Magnes. Implant. Prospect. chall. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"4001_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902443","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902443","volume":"7","author":"JL Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J. L., J. K. Xu, C. Hopkins, D. H. K. Chow, and L. Qin. Biodegradable magnesium-based implants in orthopaedics-a general review and perspectives. Adv. sci. 7(8):1902443, 2020.","journal-title":"Adv. sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"4001_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.06.024","volume":"9","author":"V Tsakiris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsakiris, V., C. Tardei, and F. M. Clicinschi. Biodegradable Mg alloys for orthopedic implants\u2013a review. J. Magnes. Alloy. 9(6):1884\u20131905, 2021.","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"4001_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"L Prawin Babu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prawin Babu, L., and R. Radha. Advancements in magnesium-based alloys for orthopedic implants: balancing corrosion, mechanical properties, and biological effects (part 1)\u2013a review. Can. Metall. Quart. 64:1\u201326, 2024.","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Quart."},{"issue":"6","key":"4001_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060324","volume":"14","author":"S Seetharaman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seetharaman, S., D. Sankaranarayanan, and M. Gupta. Magnesium-based temporary implants: potential, current status, applications, and challenges. J. Funct. Biomater. 14(6):324, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00564","volume":"8","author":"M Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman, M., N. K. Dutta, and Choudhury N. Roy. Magnesium alloys with tunable interfaces as bone implant materials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8:564, 2020.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/app14010010","volume":"14","author":"KK Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas, K. K., M. N. Zafar, W. G. Pitt, and G. A. Husseini. Biodegradable magnesium alloys for biomedical implants: properties, challenges, and surface modifications with a focus on orthopedic fixation repair. Appl. Sci. 14(1):10, 2023.","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"4001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0122","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0122","volume":"28","author":"E M\u00fcller","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, E., T. Schoberwalter, K. Mader, J.-M. Seitz, A. Kopp, A. Baranowsky, et al. The biological effects of magnesium-based implants on the skeleton and their clinical implications in orthopedic trauma surgery. Biomater. Res. 28:0122, 2024.","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"4001_CR10","first-page":"353","volume":"26","author":"HB Amara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amara, H. B., D. C. Martinez, F. A. Shah, A. J. Loo, L. Emanuelsson, B. Norlindh, et al. Magnesium implant degradation provides immunomodulatory and proangiogenic effects and attenuates peri-implant fibrosis in soft tissues. Bioact. Mater. 26:353\u2013369, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"4001_CR11","first-page":"331","volume":"46","author":"Y An","year":"2025","unstructured":"An, Y., H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Zheng, X. Chen, W. Tong, et al. Degradation products of magnesium implant synergistically enhance bone regeneration: Unraveling the roles of hydrogen gas and alkaline environment. Bioact. Mater. 46:331\u2013346, 2025.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"4001_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060326","volume":"14","author":"J Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, J., J. Shao, G. Huang, J. Zhang, and S. Pan. In vitro and in vivo applications of magnesium-enriched biomaterials for vascularized osteogenesis in bone tissue engineering: a review of literature. J. Funct. Biomater. 14(6):326, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60609-2","volume":"14","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, B., S. Pan, C. Nie, R. Zou, J. Liu, X. Han, et al. Magnesium implantation as a continuous hydrogen production generator for the treatment of myocardial infarction in rats. Sci. Rep. 14(1):10959, 2024.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2018.1451717","volume":"19","author":"Y-K Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-K., K.-B. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, K. Bode, Y.-S. Jang, T.-Y. Kwon, et al. Gas formation and biological effects of biodegradable magnesium in a preclinical and clinical observation. Sci. Technol. Adv. MaTer. 19(1):324\u2013335, 2018.","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. MaTer."},{"key":"4001_CR15","first-page":"9","volume":"5","author":"D Noviana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noviana, D., D. Paramitha, M. F. Ulum, and H. Hermawan. The effect of hydrogen gas evolution of magnesium implant on the postimplantation mortality of rats. J. Orthop. Transl. 5:9\u201315, 2016.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"issue":"2","key":"4001_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10020273","volume":"10","author":"A Drobyshev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Drobyshev, A., Z. Gurganchova, N. Redko, A. Komissarov, V. Bazhenov, E. S. Statnik, et al. An in vivo rat study of bioresorbable Mg-2Zn-2Ga alloy implants. Bioengineering. 10(2):273, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioengineering."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2022.2079367","volume":"68","author":"X Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, X., Wu. X. Saijilafu, K. Wu, J. Chen, L. Tan, et al. Biodegradable Mg-based alloys: biological implications and restorative opportunities. Int. Mater. Rev. 68(4):365\u2013403, 2023.","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR18","first-page":"27","volume":"9","author":"M Pogorielov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pogorielov, M., E. Husak, A. Solodivnik, and S. Zhdanov. Magnesium-based biodegradable alloys: degradation, application, and alloying elements. Int. Med. Appl. Sci. 9(1):27\u201338, 2017.","journal-title":"Int. Med. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/cmd3040031","volume":"3","author":"A Atrens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atrens, A., X. Chen, and Z. Shi. Mg corrosion\u2014recent progress. Corros. Mater. Degrad. 3(4):566\u2013597, 2022.","journal-title":"Corros. Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"4001_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaf026","volume":"12","author":"W Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu, W., W. Wang, X. Yang, C. Ran, T. Zhang, H. Shibo, et al. Research progress on osteoclast regulation by biodegradable magnesium and its mechanism. Regen. Biomater. 12:026, 2025.","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.789507","volume":"12","author":"Y Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Chen, W. Fan, J. Zhou, et al. Hydrogen, a novel therapeutic molecule, regulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Front. physiol.12:789507, 2021.","journal-title":"Front. physiol."},{"key":"4001_CR22","first-page":"374","volume":"38","author":"N Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, N., X. Yang, S. Cheng, X. Gao, S. Sun, X. Huang, et al. Magnesium implants with alternating magnetic field-enhanced hydrogen release and proton depletion for anti-infection treatment and tissue repair. Bioact. Mater. 38:374\u2013383, 2024.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"4001_CR23","first-page":"188","volume":"2","author":"Y Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, Y., J. Wang, M. T. Y. Ong, and Yung PS-h, Wang J, Qin L. Update on the research and development of magnesium-based biodegradable implants and their clinical translation in orthopaedics. Biomater. Transl. 2(3):188, 2021.","journal-title":"Biomater. Transl"},{"issue":"7","key":"4001_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070877","volume":"10","author":"H Ibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibrahim, H., C. Billings, M. Abdalla, A. Korra, and D. E. Anderson. In vivo assessment of high-strength and corrosion-controlled magnesium-based bone implants. Bioengineering. 10(7):877, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioengineering."},{"issue":"10","key":"4001_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.008","volume":"9","author":"J Kuhlmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuhlmann, J., I. Bartsch, E. Willbold, S. Schuchardt, O. Holz, N. Hort, et al. Fast escape of hydrogen from gas cavities around corroding magnesium implants. Acta biomaterialia. 9(10):8714\u20138721, 2013.","journal-title":"Acta biomaterialia."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2024.01.023","volume":"12","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, Y., H. Helmholz, and R. Willumeit-R\u00f6mer. Peri-implant gas accumulation in response to magnesium-based musculoskeletal biomaterials: reframing current evidence for preclinical research and clinical evaluation. J. Magnes. Alloy. 12(1):59\u201371, 2024.","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"issue":"8","key":"4001_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.03.037","volume":"52","author":"J St\u00fcrznickel","year":"2021","unstructured":"St\u00fcrznickel, J., M. M. Delsmann, O. D. Jungesblut, R. St\u00fccker, C. Knorr, T. Rolvien, et al. Safety and performance of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in children and adolescents. Injury. 52(8):2265\u20132271, 2021.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"4001_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad095","volume":"10","author":"I Antoniac","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antoniac, I., V. Manescu, A. Antoniac, and G. Paltanea. Magnesium-based alloys with adapted interfaces for bone implants and tissue engineering. Regen. Biomater. 10:095, 2023.","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR29","first-page":"17","volume":"10","author":"A-M Galow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galow, A.-M., A. Rebl, D. Koczan, S. M. Bonk, W. Baumann, and J. Gimsa. Increased osteoblast viability at alkaline pH in vitro provides a new perspective on bone regeneration. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 10:17\u201325, 2017.","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"4001_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2019.100291","volume":"6","author":"J Acheson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acheson, J., S. McKillop, P. Lemoine, A. Boyd, and B. Meenan. Control of magnesium alloy corrosion by bioactive calcium phosphate coating: Implications for resorbable orthopaedic implants. Materialia.6:100291, 2019.","journal-title":"Materialia."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14479-6","volume":"7","author":"I Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson, I., W. Jiang, and H. Liu. The effects of serum proteins on magnesium alloy degradation in vitro. Sci. Rep. 7(1):14335, 2017.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"4001_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122062","volume":"12","author":"D Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, D., J. Long, L. Zhao, and J. Liu. Hydrogen: a rising star in gas medicine as a mitochondria-targeting nutrient via activating Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant system. Antioxidants. 12(12):2062, 2023.","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37446","volume":"111","author":"KX Kuah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuah, K. X., S. Wijesinghe, and D. J. Blackwood. Toward understanding in vivo corrosion: Influence of interfacial hydrogen gas build-up on degradation of magnesium alloy implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 111(1):60\u201370, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2021-0088","volume":"40","author":"P Das","year":"2022","unstructured":"Das, P., T. S. Kumar, K. K. Sahu, and S. Gollapudi. Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue behavior of magnesium alloy bioimplants. Corros. Rev. 40(4):289\u2013333, 2022.","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"4001_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.10.025","volume":"10","author":"S Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha, S., W. Lestari, C. Dini, M. N. Sarian, H. Hermawan, V. A. Barao, et al. Corrosion in Mg-alloy biomedical implants-the strategies to reduce the impact of the corrosion inflammatory reaction and microbial activity. J. Magnes. Alloy. 10(12):3306\u20133326, 2022.","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"issue":"16","key":"4001_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5669","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165669","volume":"15","author":"SF Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan, S. F., M. Islam, N. Saheb, and M. Baig. Magnesium for implants: a review on the effect of alloying elements on biocompatibility and properties. Materials. 15(16):5669, 2022.","journal-title":"Materials."},{"issue":"30","key":"4001_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-023-08782-z","volume":"58","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, S., M. Tayyebi, M. Yarigarravesh, and G. Hu. A review of magnesium corrosion in bio-applications: mechanism, classification, modeling, in-vitro, and in-vivo experimental testing, and tailoring Mg corrosion rate. J. Materials Sci. 58(30):12158\u201312181, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Materials Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29938-6","volume":"13","author":"N Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, N., F. Gong, B. Liu, Y. Hao, Y. Chao, H. Lei, et al. Magnesium galvanic cells produce hydrogen and modulate the tumor microenvironment to inhibit cancer growth. Nat. Commun. 13(1):2336, 2022.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2024.12.014","volume":"13","author":"L Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, L., X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and Z. Hao. Degradation characteristics of high-purity magnesium implants under single static and cyclic compressive loads in vivo and in vitro. J. Magnes. Alloy. 13(4):1480, 2025.","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"4001_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva T, e T-Cury, PL C d, Tomachuk C. (2024) An investigation of the corrosion rate of Mg alloys in Hank\u2019s solution. J. Appl. Biotechnol. & Bioeng.","DOI":"10.15406\/jabb.2024.11.00353"},{"key":"4001_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283820","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1283820","volume":"11","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X., F. Xie, S. Ma, C. Ma, X. Jiang, Y. Yi, et al. Mitochondria: one of the vital hubs for molecular hydrogen\u2019s biological functions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:1283820, 2023.","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"4001_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.05.078","volume":"36","author":"T Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, T., Y. Zhou, S. Tong, Y. Zhang, Y. Yuan, X. Chen, et al. Effect of impurity elements on the corrosion behavior of Mg-Al alloys: a first principles study. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 36:8632\u20138642, 2025.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"4001_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15186197","volume":"15","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L., J. He, J. Yu, S. Arthanari, H. Lee, H. Zhang, et al. Degradable magnesium corrosion control for implant applications. Materials. 15(18):6197, 2022.","journal-title":"Materials."},{"issue":"9","key":"4001_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/met14091002","volume":"14","author":"M Behera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Behera, M., R. Shabadi, and C. Gruescu. Engineering corrosion resistance in magnesium alloys for biomedical applications: a synergy of Zn\/Ca atomic ratio and texture-based approach. Metals. 14(9):1002, 2024.","journal-title":"Metals."},{"key":"4001_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.125693","volume":"391","author":"E Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, E., Y. Niu, S. Yu, L. Liu, K. Zhang, X. Bi, et al. Micro-arc oxidation behavior of fly ash cenospheres\/magnesium alloy degradable composite and corrosion resistance of coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol.391:125693, 2020.","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"4001_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.08.002","volume":"60","author":"TS Narayanan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Narayanan, T. S., I. S. Park, and M. H. Lee. Strategies to improve the corrosion resistance of microarc oxidation (MAO) coated magnesium alloys for degradable implants: prospects and challenges. Progres. Mater. Sci. 60:1\u201371, 2014.","journal-title":"Progres. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"4001_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavian SMH, Bautin VA, Tabaian SH. (2025) Advanced Strategies for Mg-Based Biodegradable Implants: Alloying, Heat Treatment, and Coatings. J. Alloy. Compd. 183575.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.183575"},{"issue":"3","key":"4001_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030523","volume":"12","author":"Y Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang, Y., L. Li, S. Li, X. Zhou, K. Xia, C. Liu, et al. Temporary inhibition of the corrosion of AZ31B magnesium alloy by formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilm in artificial seawater. Materials. 12(3):523, 2019.","journal-title":"Materials."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-025-01065-x","volume":"12","author":"SMH Mousavian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mousavian, S. M. H., and V. A. Bautin. Microbiologically influenced corrosion in magnesium implants: mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities for biomedical innovation. J. Bio Tribo-Corros. 12(1):5, 2025.","journal-title":"J. Bio Tribo-Corros."},{"key":"4001_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu M, Mei D, Zhu S, Blawert C, Zheludkevich ML, Guan S, et al. (2025) The external stress-assisted corrosion behavior of Mg alloys for biomedical applications. Corros. Sci. 112856.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2025.112856"},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/4\/045021","volume":"10","author":"A Marten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marten, A., and A. Weizbauer. In vitro and in vivo corrosion of the novel magnesium alloy Mg\u2013La\u2013Nd\u2013Zr: influence of the measurement technique and in vivo implant location. Biomed. Mater.10(4):045021, 2015.","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"4001_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.06.047","volume":"217","author":"L Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, L., X. Li, J. Bai, F. Xue, Y. Zheng, and C. Chu. Effects of flow velocity and different corrosion media on the in vitro bio-corrosion behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Mater. Chem. Phys. 217:300\u2013307, 2018.","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"4001_CR53","first-page":"2680","volume":"56","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, S., P. Katyal, R. N. Chaudhary, and V. Singh. Assessment of factors influencing bio-corrosion of magnesium based alloy implants: A review. Mater. Today: Proc. 56:2680\u20132689, 2022.","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"5","key":"4001_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12050988","volume":"12","author":"MH Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, M. H., E.-S. Jeong, H. S. You, C.-S. Kim, and K.-J. Lee. Redox-mechanisms of molecular hydrogen promote healthful longevity. Antioxidants. 12(5):988, 2023.","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-023-00271-9","volume":"43","author":"P Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Z. Dang, M. Liu, D. Guo, R. Luo, M. Zhang, et al. Molecular hydrogen promotes wound healing by inducing early epidermal stem cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Inflamm. Regen. 43(1):22, 2023.","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"4001_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110389","volume":"108","author":"T Imwinkelried","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imwinkelried, T., S. Beck, and B. Schaller. Pre-clinical testing of human size magnesium implants in miniature pigs: implant degradation and bone fracture healing at multiple implantation sites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C.108:110389, 2020.","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"issue":"6","key":"4001_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01429","volume":"8","author":"A Yamamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamoto, A., and A. Kikuta. Development of a model system for gas cavity formation behavior of magnesium alloy implantation. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 8(6):2437\u20132444, 2022.","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"4001_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/met8070532","volume":"8","author":"MI Rahim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahim, M. I., S. Ullah, and Mueller pp. Advances and challenges of biodegradable implant materials with a focus on magnesium-alloys and bacterial infections. Metals. 8(7):532, 2018.","journal-title":"Metals."},{"issue":"5","key":"4001_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.02.028","volume":"6","author":"F Witte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Witte, F. The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review. Acta biomater. 6(5):1680\u20131692, 2010.","journal-title":"Acta biomater."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7040056","volume":"7","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed, F., and A. Mohammed. Magnesium: the forgotten electrolyte\u2014a review on hypomagnesemia. Med. Sci. 7(4):56, 2019.","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-016-1864-7","volume":"68","author":"PK Bowen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowen, P. K., and W. H. Sillekens. Overview: Magnesium-based biodegradable implants. Jom. 68(4):1175\u20131176, 2016.","journal-title":"Jom."},{"key":"4001_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2023.e00318","volume":"36","author":"P Pesode","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pesode, P., and S. Barve. Additive manufacturing of magnesium alloys and its biocompatibility. Bioprinting.36:00318, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioprinting."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23005-2","volume":"12","author":"W Qiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiao, W., K. H. Wong, J. Shen, W. Wang, J. Wu, J. Li, et al. TRPM7 kinase-mediated immunomodulation in macrophage plays a central role in magnesium ion-induced bone regeneration. Nat. Commun. 12(1):2885, 2021.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"4001_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081877","volume":"20","author":"Z-G Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou, Z.-G., F. J. Rios, A. C. Montezano, and R. M. Touyz. TRPM7, magnesium, and signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(8):1877, 2019.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"28","key":"4001_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19718","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00799A","volume":"14","author":"C Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, C., H. An, Y.-K. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, Y.-S. Jang, and M.-H. Lee. Polycaprolactone-MXene coating for controlling initial biodegradation of magnesium implant via near-infrared light. RSC Adv. 14(28):19718\u201319725, 2024.","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"4001_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3390\/met12091500","volume":"12","author":"P Zhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhi, P., L. Liu, J. Chang, C. Liu, Q. Zhang, J. Zhou, et al. Advances in the study of magnesium alloys and their use in bone implant material. Metals. 12(9):1500, 2022.","journal-title":"Metals."},{"issue":"10","key":"4001_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4162","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., J. Xu, Y. C. Ruan, M. K. Yu, M. O\u2019Laughlin, H. Wise, et al. Implant-derived magnesium induces local neuronal production of CGRP to improve bone-fracture healing in rats. Nat. Med. 22(10):1160\u20131169, 2016.","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"4001_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204173142110471","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314211047100","volume":"12","author":"M Rahmati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahmati, M., S. St\u00f6tzel, T. E. Khassawna, K. Iskhahova, D. Florian Wieland, B. Zeller Plumhoff, et al. Early osteoimmunomodulatory effects of magnesium\u2013calcium\u2013zinc alloys. J. Tissue Eng. 12:20417314211047100, 2021.","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"4001_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.041","volume":"91","author":"K Masamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masamoto, K., S. Fujibayashi, T. Yabutsuka, T. Hiruta, B. Otsuki, Y. Okuzu, et al. In vivo and in vitro bioactivity of a \u201cprecursor of apatite\u201d treatment on polyetheretherketone. Acta Biomater. 91:48\u201359, 2019.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR70","first-page":"132","volume":"28","author":"DC Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez, D. C., A. Dobkowska, R. Marek, H. \u0106wieka, J. Jaroszewicz, T. P\u0142oci\u0144ski, et al. In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-0.45 Zn-0.45 Ca (ZX00) screws for orthopedic applications. Bioact. Mater. 28:132\u201354, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"4001_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030636","volume":"12","author":"MY Artamonov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Artamonov, M. Y., A. K. Martusevich, F. A. Pyatakovich, I. A. Minenko, S. V. Dlin, and T. W. LeBaron. Molecular hydrogen: from molecular effects to stem cells management and tissue regeneration. Antioxidants. 12(3):636, 2023.","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"4001_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406455","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1406455","volume":"15","author":"V Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel, V., N. S. Akimbekov, W. B. Grant, C. Dean, X. Fang, and M. S. Razzaque. Neuroprotective effects of magnesium: Implications for neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Front. Endocrinol. 15:1406455, 2024.","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21592527.2014.967616","volume":"4","author":"A Burmester","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burmester, A., B. Luthringer, R. Willumeit, and F. Feyerabend. Comparison of the reaction of bone-derived cells to enhanced MgCl2-salt concentrations. Biomatter.4(1):967616, 2014.","journal-title":"Biomatter."},{"issue":"21","key":"4001_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17215157","volume":"17","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, S. K., S. Gajevi\u0107, L. K. Sharma, R. Pradhan, S. Miladinovi\u0107, A. A\u0161onja, et al. Magnesium-titanium alloys: a promising solution for biodegradable biomedical implants. Materials. 17(21):5157, 2024.","journal-title":"Materials."},{"issue":"3","key":"4001_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2023.02.007","volume":"11","author":"B Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, B., Y. Song, K. Yang, Y. Li, B. Chen, X. Liao, et al. Magnesium metal and its corrosion products: promising materials for tumor interventional therapy. J. Magnes. Alloy. 11(3):763\u2013775, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"issue":"7","key":"4001_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09750913","volume":"10","author":"J Blaine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blaine, J., M. Chonchol, and M. Levi. Renal control of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis. Clin. J. Am. Soc Nephrol. 10(7):1257\u20131272, 2015.","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"4001_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.03.012","volume":"9","author":"M Badar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Badar, M., H. L\u00fcnsdorf, F. Evertz, M. I. Rahim, B. Glasmacher, H. Hauser, et al. The formation of an organic coat and the release of corrosion microparticles from metallic magnesium implants. Acta biomater. 9(7):7580\u20137589, 2013.","journal-title":"Acta biomater."},{"issue":"2","key":"4001_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr18020024","volume":"18","author":"CH Hung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hung, C. H., Y. C. Kwok, J. Yip, H. H. Wong, and Y. Y. Leung. Bioabsorbable Magnesium-Based Materials Potential and Safety in Bone Surgery: A Systematic Review. Craniomaxillofacial. Trauma. Reconstr. 18(2):24, 2025.","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofacial. Trauma. Reconstr."},{"issue":"22","key":"4001_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70236","volume":"28","author":"Y Zuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuo, Y., J. Wang, Z. Gong, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, X. Yang, et al. Hydrogen protects mitochondrial function by increasing the expression of PGC-1\u03b1 and ameliorating myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J. Cell. Mol. Med.28(22):e70236, 2024.","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-24-00135","volume":"15","author":"F Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, F., R. Chen, L. Yang, B. Shen, Y. Wang, Y. Gao, et al. Magnesium-assisted hydrogen improves isoproterenol-induced heart failure. Med. Gas Res. 15(4):459\u2013470, 2025.","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"4001_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110640","volume":"110","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y., D.-L. Wang, Y.-C. Huang, T.-B. Wang, and H. Zeng. Hydrogen inhibits the osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C.110:110640, 2020.","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05247-6","volume":"6","author":"K Fujita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fujita, K., Y. Shindo, Y. Katsuta, M. Goto, K. Hotta, and K. Oka. Intracellular Mg2+ protects mitochondria from oxidative stress in human keratinocytes. Commun. Biol. 6(1):868, 2023.","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaa010","volume":"7","author":"L Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, L., X. Li, M. Xu, F. Yang, W. Wang, and X. Niu. In vitro immunomodulation of magnesium on monocytic cell toward anti-inflammatory macrophages. Regen Biomater. 7(4):391\u2013401, 2020.","journal-title":"Regen Biomater."},{"issue":"7","key":"4001_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00162","volume":"10","author":"M Pei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pei, M., P. Li, X. Guo, M. Wen, Y. Gong, P. Wang, et al. Sustained release of hydrogen and magnesium ions mediated by a foamed gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogel for the repair of bone defects in diabetes. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 10(7):4411\u20134424, 2024.","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"4001_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.59","volume":"2","author":"S Amukarimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amukarimi, S., and M. Mozafari. Biodegradable magnesium-based biomaterials: an overview of challenges and opportunities. MedComm. 2(2):123\u2013144, 2021.","journal-title":"MedComm."},{"issue":"43","key":"4001_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14032","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB01282A","volume":"13","author":"D Bellavia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bellavia, D., F. Paduano, S. Brogini, R. Ruggiero, R. M. Marano, A. Cusanno, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of novel magnesium alloy implants enhanced by hydrothermal and sol\u2013gel treatments for bone regeneration. J. Mater. Chem. B. 13(43):14032\u201314046, 2025.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"issue":"28","key":"4001_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB01000K","volume":"12","author":"N Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, N., Y. Cao, J. Liu, W. Zou, M. Chen, H. Cao, et al. Microenvironment-responsive release of Mg 2+ from tannic acid decorated and multilevel crosslinked hydrogels accelerates infected wound healing. J. Mater. Chem. B. 12(28):6856\u20136873, 2024.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"issue":"45","key":"4001_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61760","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c16661","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Y. Wang, L. Yu, Y. Hua, N. Wang, E. Shi, et al. Collagen-coated 3d-printed magnesium alloy scaffold with controlled Mg(2+) release for enhanced repair of critical-sized bone defects. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface. 17(45):61760\u201361774, 2025.","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interface."},{"issue":"10","key":"4001_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA08927D","volume":"14","author":"J Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, J., S.-S. Liu, D. Zou, X. He, Z.-Z. Shi, and W.-S. Li. How surface-to-volume ratio affects degradation of magnesium: in vitro and in vivo studies. RSC Adv. 14(10):6805\u20136814, 2024.","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"14","key":"4001_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147724","volume":"22","author":"I Mac\u00edas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas, I., N. Alcorta-Sevillano, A. Infante, and C. I. Rodr\u00edguez. Cutting edge endogenous promoting and exogenous driven strategies for bone regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(14):7724, 2021.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4001_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-014-0017-6","volume":"2","author":"C Schlundt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schlundt, C., H. Schell, S. B. Goodman, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, G. N. Duda, and K. Schmidt-Bleek. Immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy in bone regeneration. J. Exp. Orthop. 2:1\u201310, 2015.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"4001_CR92","first-page":"463","volume":"24","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, P., J. Wu, H. Yang, H. Liu, T. Yao, C. Liu, et al. Intelligent microneedle patch with prolonged local release of hydrogen and magnesium ions for diabetic wound healing. Bioact. Mater. 24:463\u2013476, 2023.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"4001_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.12.008","volume":"193","author":"I Rodriguez-Fernandez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Fernandez, I., T. Bretschneider, A. Menzel, O. Suljevic, N. G. Sommer, A.-M. Weinberg, et al. Physical exercise impacts bone remodeling around bio-resorbable magnesium implants. Acta Biomater. 193:623\u2013631, 2025.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR94","unstructured":"Raj V. Ciprofloxacin-loaded polyaniline and biopolymer coatings on magnesium alloys: new insights for enhanced antibacterial and osteointegration performance."},{"key":"4001_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114202","volume":"245","author":"K-P Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, K.-P., A.-Y. Cheng, J.-L. You, Y.-H. Chang, C. C. Tseng, and M.-D. Ger. Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of drug coatings with different polymers for magnesium alloy cardiovascular stents. Coll. Surf. B: Biointerfaces.245:114202, 2025.","journal-title":"Coll. Surf. B: Biointerfaces."},{"issue":"11","key":"4001_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116242","volume":"25","author":"N Hassan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassan, N., T. Krieg, A. Kopp, A. D. Bach, and N. Kr\u00f6ger. Challenges and pitfalls of research designs involving magnesium-based biomaterials: an overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(11):6242, 2024.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4001_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vink R, Nechifor M. (2011) Magnesium in the central nervous system: University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9780987073051"},{"key":"4001_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbu013","volume":"2","author":"P Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian, P., and X. Liu. Surface modification of biodegradable magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications. Regen. Biomater. 2:135\u2013151, 2015.","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR99","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"M Ramya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramya, M. Advances in biodegradable orthopaedic implants: optimizing magnesium alloy corrosion resistance for enhanced bone repair. Biomed. Mater. Devices. 1:1\u201319, 2024.","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Devices."},{"key":"4001_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1143-8","volume":"14","author":"LHN Dang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dang, L. H. N., Y. K. Kim, S. Y. Kim, K. J. Lim, K. Bode, M. H. Lee, et al. Radiographic and histologic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2\/hydroxyapatite within bioabsorbable magnesium screws in a rabbit model. J. Orthop surg. Res. 14:1\u201310, 2019.","journal-title":"J. Orthop surg. Res."},{"key":"4001_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2024.214170","volume":"169","author":"T Sadat Hashemi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadat Hashemi, T., S. Jaiswal, H. O. McCarthy, T. J. Levingstone, and N. J. Dunne. Biofunctionalisation of porous additively manufactured magnesium-based alloys for Orthopaedic applications: a review. Biomater. Adv.169:214170, 2025.","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-022-00634-8","volume":"8","author":"P Srinidhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srinidhi, P., B. Manne, and S. Prakrathi. Flow-assisted degradation of magnesium implant pins under simulated body fluids and goat blood plasma environment. J. Bio Tribo-Corros. 8(1):34, 2022.","journal-title":"J. Bio Tribo-Corros."},{"key":"4001_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2025.1682972","volume":"12","author":"S Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang, S., J. Zhang, T. Tian, M. You, C. Qu, and Y. Li. 3D printing of magnesium-containing biomedical materials for bone repairment towards actual applications. Front. Mater. 12:2025, 2025.","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03222-3","volume":"23","author":"J Ye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye, J., B. Miao, Y. Xiong, Y. Guan, Y. Lu, Z. Jia, et al. 3D printed porous magnesium metal scaffolds with bioactive coating for bone defect repair: enhancing angiogenesis and osteogenesis. J Nanobiotechnol. 23(1):160, 2025.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"4001_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15080671","volume":"15","author":"M Aikin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aikin, M., V. Shalomeev, V. Kukhar, A. Kostryzhev, I. Kuziev, V. Kulynych, et al. Recent advances in biodegradable magnesium alloys for medical implants: evolution, innovations, and clinical translation. Crystals. 15(8):671, 2025.","journal-title":"Crystals."},{"issue":"11","key":"4001_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111677","volume":"9","author":"P-C Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong, P.-C., R.-Y. Wang, L.-S. Lu, W.-R. Wang, J.S.-C. Jang, J.-L. Wu, et al. Two-step approach using degradable magnesium to inhibit surface biofilm and subsequently kill planktonic bacteria. Biomedicines. 9(11):1677, 2021.","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"issue":"6","key":"4001_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.01.010","volume":"53","author":"A Rehm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rehm, A., L. Granger, J. C. Ong, and E. Ashby. Safety and performance of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in children and adolescents. Injury. 53(6):2380\u20132381, 2022.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010282","volume":"25","author":"G Giavaresi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giavaresi, G., D. Bellavia, A. De Luca, V. Costa, L. Raimondi, A. Cordaro, et al. Magnesium alloys in orthopedics: a systematic review on approaches, coatings and strategies to improve biocompatibility, osteogenic properties and osteointegration capabilities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(1):282, 2023.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4001_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.04.011","volume":"21","author":"J Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, J., F. Witte, T. Xi, Y. Zheng, K. Yang, Y. Yang, et al. Recommendation for modifying current cytotoxicity testing standards for biodegradable magnesium-based materials. Acta biomater. 21:237\u2013249, 2015.","journal-title":"Acta biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.12.032","volume":"163","author":"W Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, W., K. Yagoshi, Y. Koga, M. Sasaki, and T. Niidome. Optimized polymer coating for magnesium alloy-based bioresorbable scaffolds for long-lasting drug release and corrosion resistance. Coll. Surf. B: Biointerface. 163:100\u2013106, 2018.","journal-title":"Coll. Surf. B: Biointerface."},{"key":"4001_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.08.030","volume":"79","author":"L-Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, L.-Y., L.-Y. Cui, R.-C. Zeng, S.-Q. Li, X.-B. Chen, Y. Zheng, et al. Advances in functionalized polymer coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloys\u2013a review. Acta biomaterialia. 79:23\u201336, 2018.","journal-title":"Acta biomaterialia."},{"key":"4001_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103411","volume":"101","author":"A-K Gartzke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gartzke, A.-K., S. Julmi, C. Klose, A.-C. Waselau, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, H. J. Maier, et al. A simulation model for the degradation of magnesium-based bone implants. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.101:103411, 2020.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"4001_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147916412311887","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641231188705","volume":"20","author":"A W\u0142odarczak","year":"2023","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczak, A., P. Rola, M. Barycki, \u0141 Furtan, M. \u0141anocha, S. W\u0142odarczak, et al. Mid term safety and efficacy of magnesium bioresorbable vascular scaffolds magmaris in diabetic population. Years outcome in acute coronary syndrome cohort. Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res. 20(4):14791641231188704, 2023.","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"4001_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.11.111","volume":"31","author":"HM Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong, H. M., K. W. Yeung, K. O. Lam, V. Tam, P. K. Chu, K. D. Luk, et al. A biodegradable polymer-based coating to control the performance of magnesium alloy orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials. 31(8):2084\u20132096, 2010.","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"4001_CR115","first-page":"445","volume":"40","author":"Q Guan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guan, Q., T. Hu, L. Zhang, M. Yu, J. Niu, Z. Ding, et al. Concerting magnesium implant degradation facilitates local chemotherapy in tumor-associated bone defect. Bioact. Mater. 40:445\u2013459, 2024.","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"4001_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.04.051","volume":"128","author":"H Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng, H., K. Fan, R. Zan, Z.-J. Gong, W. Sun, Y. Sun, et al. Degradable magnesium implants inhibit gallbladder cancer. Acta Biomater. 128:514\u2013522, 2021.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"4001_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11706-014-0253-9","volume":"8","author":"X-N Gu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gu, X.-N., S.-S. Li, X.-M. Li, and Y.-B. Fan. Magnesium based degradable biomaterials: a review. Front. Mater. Sci. 8:200\u2013218, 2014.","journal-title":"Front. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"4001_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87783-x","volume":"11","author":"MA Khalili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalili, M. A., and E. Tamjid. Controlled biodegradation of magnesium alloy in physiological environment by metal organic framework nanocomposite coatings. Sci Rep. 11(1):8645, 2021.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1787839383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04001-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}