{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:53:18Z","timestamp":1791363198431,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bone healing is a complex physiological process modulated by coordinated biological and mechanical factors. Despite bone\u2019s inherent regenerative capabilities, approximately 5-10% of fractures experience delayed union or nonunion, often attributed to factors such as infection, mechanical instability, poor vascularization, or systemic conditions like diabetes and osteoporosis. Thus, targeted interventions are essential to counteract these disruptions and improve bone healing outcomes. This review examines the existing literature on biophysical stimuli technologies based on electrical, ultrasound, piezoelectric and vibrational stimulations, engineered to promote bone healing. Furthermore, a summary of the technologies and their mechanism of action is provided along with the clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with these emerging technologies. Overall, these biophysical stimuli technologies have the\u00a0potential to be an effective adjunct to standard treatment approaches to accelerate healing. Among them, electrical stimulation and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound are the most clinically mature biophysical modalities with demonstrated efficacy in delayed union and nonunion fractures, whereas piezoelectric and vibrational technologies remain largely at the preclinical or early translational stage but show emerging potential for adjunctive bone healing therapies. However, translating findings from in vitro experiments and small animal models into successful clinical applications remains difficult. To advance clinical adoption of these biophysical stimuli technologies, future research should prioritize standardized input and output parameters, conduct direct comparisons using uniform metrics, and further explore the effects of combining these technologies. Studies must also evaluate cost, effectiveness, patient compliance, safety standards, and clearance requirements for medical device translation. Furthermore, technologies that require no or minimal changes to existing surgical techniques will further facilitate regulatory approval and surgeon adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:12:39Z","timestamp":1774537959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Applications of Biophysical Stimuli Technologies for Bone Healing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Eyerusalem A.","family":"Gebreyesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Moorjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Guldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keat Ghee","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1","volume":"8","author":"L Claes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Claes, L., S. Recknagel, and A. Ignatius. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 8:133\u2013143, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"4075_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","volume":"42","author":"R Marsell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsell, R., and T. A. Einhorn. THE BIOLOGY OF FRACTURE HEALING. Injury. 42:551\u2013555, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4075_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","volume":"11","author":"TA Einhorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Einhorn, T. A., and L. C. Gerstenfeld. Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 11:45\u201354, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"4075_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-015-0407-9","volume":"39","author":"S Miramini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miramini, S., L. Zhang, M. Richardson, P. Mendis, A. Oloyede, and P. Ebeling. The relationship between interfragmentary movement and cell differentiation in early fracture healing under locking plate fixation. Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 39:123\u2013133, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-015-0407-9.","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"4075_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00259-0","volume":"21","author":"P Klein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Klein, P., H. Schell, F. Streitparth, M. Heller, J.-P. Kassi, F. Kandziora, H. Bragulla, N. P. Haas, and G. N. Duda. The initial phase of fracture healing is specifically sensitive to mechanical conditions. J. Orthop. Res. 21:662\u2013669, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00259-0.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1732334","volume":"35","author":"H ElHawary","year":"2021","unstructured":"ElHawary, H., A. Baradaran, J. Abi-Rafeh, J. Vorstenbosch, L. Xu, and J. I. Efanov. Bone Healing and Inflammation: Principles of Fracture and Repair. Semin. Plast. Surg. 35:198\u2013203, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1732334.","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"4075_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.103","volume":"27","author":"F Granero-Molt\u00f3","year":"2009","unstructured":"Granero-Molt\u00f3, F., J. A. Weis, M. I. Miga, B. Landis, T. J. Myers, L. O\u2019Rear, L. Longobardi, E. D. Jansen, D. P. Mortlock, and A. Spagnoli. Regenerative Effects of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Fracture Healing. Stem Cells. 27:1887\u20131898, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/stem.103.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"4075_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200511101-00002","volume":"19","author":"TA Einhorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Einhorn, T. A. The Science of Fracture Healing. J. Orthop. Trauma. 19:S4, 2005.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"4075_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22042","volume":"30","author":"JD Boerckel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boerckel, J. D., Y. M. Kolambkar, H. Y. Stevens, A. S. P. Lin, K. M. Dupont, and R. E. Guldberg. Effects of in vivo mechanical loading on large bone defect regeneration. J. Orthop. Res. 30:1067\u20131075, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.22042.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glatt, V., C. H. Evans, and K. Tetsworth. A Concert between Biology and Biomechanics: The Influence of the Mechanical Environment on Bone Healing. Front. Physiol. 7:, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00678","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00678"},{"key":"4075_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030869","volume":"67","author":"AE Goodship","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goodship, A. E., and J. Kenwright. The influence of induced micromovement upon the healing of experimental tibial fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 67:650\u2013655, 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030869.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"4075_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204173142311725","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314231172573","volume":"14","author":"Q Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Z. Miri, H. J. Haugen, A. Moghanian, and D. Loca. Significance of mechanical loading in bone fracture healing, bone regeneration, and vascularization. J. Tissue Eng. 14:20417314231172572, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20417314231172573.","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"4075_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0","volume":"2","author":"A-M Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, A.-M., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2:e580\u2013e592, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"4075_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11060525","volume":"11","author":"KM Bowers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bowers, K. M., and D. E. Anderson. Delayed Union and Nonunion: Current Concepts, Prevention, and Correction: A Review. Bioengineering. 11:525, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11060525.","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"4075_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2012.737391","volume":"16","author":"M Bonafede","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonafede, M., D. Espindle, and A. G. Bower. The direct and indirect costs of long bone fractures in a working age US population. J. Med. Econ. 16:169\u2013178, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3111\/13696998.2012.737391.","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"key":"4075_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(08)70003-2","volume":"38","author":"PV Giannoudis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giannoudis, P. V., T. A. Einhorn, and D. Marsh. Fracture healing: The diamond concept. Injury. 38:S3\u2013S6, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(08)70003-2.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4075_CR17","unstructured":"On Growth and Form | Project Gutenbergat <https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/55264\/55264-h\/55264-h.htm>"},{"key":"4075_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolff, J. The classic: on the inner architecture of bones and its importance for bone growth. 1870. Clin. Orthop. 468:1056\u20131065, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-010-1239-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1239-2"},{"key":"4075_CR19","first-page":"215","volume":"15","author":"U Mittag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mittag, U., A. Kriechbaumer, M. Bartsch, and J. Rittweger. Form follows function: a computational simulation exercise on bone shape forming and conservation. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 15:215\u2013226, 2015.","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"4075_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hao, Z., Z. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Li, T. Chen, Y. Hu, R. Chen, K. Huang, C. Chen, and J. Li. Biophysical Stimuli as the Fourth Pillar of Bone Tissue Engineering. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9:, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.790050","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.790050"},{"key":"4075_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4274-3","volume":"43","author":"L Massari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massari, L., F. Benazzo, F. Falez, D. Perugia, L. Pietrogrande, S. Setti, R. Osti, E. Vaienti, C. Ruosi, and R. Cadossi. Biophysical stimulation of bone and cartilage: state of the art and future perspectives. Int. Orthop. 43:539\u2013551, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-4274-3.","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"4075_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2024-0023","volume":"5","author":"Y Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai, Y., X. Li, K. Wu, B. C. Heng, X. Zhang, and X. Deng. Biophysical stimuli for promoting bone repair and regeneration. Med. Rev. 5:1\u201322, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/mr-2024-0023.","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"4075_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.879187","volume":"10","author":"PJ Nicksic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nicksic, P. J., D. T. Donnelly, N. Verma, A. J. Setiz, A. J. Shoffstall, K. A. Ludwig, A. M. Dingle, and S. O. Poore. Electrical Stimulation of Acute Fractures: A Narrative Review of Stimulation Protocols and Device Specifications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10:879187, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.879187.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"4075_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caruso, G., L. Massari, S. Lentini, S. Setti, E. Gambuti, and A. Saracco. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Bone Healing and Joint Preservation: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Appl. Sci. 14:, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14051789","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051789"},{"key":"4075_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-025-00180-x","volume":"11","author":"S Farjaminejad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farjaminejad, S., and A. M. Dingle. The role of electrical stimulation in bone regeneration: mechanistic insights and therapeutic advances. Bioelectron. Med. 11:18, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00180-x.","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"4075_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15738","volume":"41","author":"P Palanisamy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palanisamy, P., M. Alam, S. Li, S. K. H. Chow, and Y.-P. Zheng. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation for Bone Fractures Healing. J. Ultrasound Med. 41:547\u2013563, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.15738.","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"4075_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.4.671","volume":"16","author":"Y Azuma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Azuma, Y., M. Ito, Y. Harada, H. Takagi, T. Ohta, and S. Jingushi. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Rat Femoral Fracture Healing by Acting on the Various Cellular Reactions in the Fracture Callus. J. Bone Miner. Res. 16:671\u2013680, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.4.671.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naruse, K., A. Miyauchi, M. Itoman, and Y. Mikuni\u2010Takagaki. Distinct Anabolic Response of Osteoblast to Low\u2010Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound*at <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.2.360>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.2.360"},{"key":"4075_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonanni, R., I. Cariati, C. Romagnoli, G. D\u2019Arcangelo, G. Annino, and V. Tancredi. Whole Body Vibration: A Valid Alternative Strategy to Exercise? J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 7:, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk7040099","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7040099"},{"key":"4075_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaszczy\u0144ska, A., K. Zabielski, A. Gradys, T. Kowalczyk, and P. Sajkiewicz. Piezoelectric Scaffolds as Smart Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers 16:, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16192797","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192797"},{"key":"4075_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299579","volume":"19","author":"R Das","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das, R., D. Le, H.-M. Kan, T. T. Le, J. Park, T. D. Nguyen, and K.W.-H. Lo. Osteo-inductive effect of piezoelectric stimulation from the poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds. PLOS ONE.19:e0299579, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299579.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"4075_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/bioe.2021.0019","volume":"3","author":"A Carter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter, A., K. Popowski, K. Cheng, A. Greenbaum, F. S. Ligler, and A. Moatti. Enhancement of Bone Regeneration Through the Converse Piezoelectric Effect, A Novel Approach for Applying Mechanical Stimulation. BIOELECTRICITY. 3:255\u2013271, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bioe.2021.0019.","journal-title":"BIOELECTRICITY"},{"key":"4075_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1693880","volume":"20","author":"F-C Kao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kao, F.-C., P.-Y. Chiu, T.-T. Tsai, and Z.-H. Lin. The application of nanogenerators and piezoelectricity in osteogenesis. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 20:1103\u20131117, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14686996.2019.1693880.","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"4075_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.137.3535.1063","volume":"137","author":"CAL Bassett","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bassett, C. A. L., and R. O. Becker. Generation of Electric Potentials by Bone in Response to Mechanical Stress. Science. 137:1063\u20131064, 1962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.137.3535.1063.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4075_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukada, E., and I. Yasuda. On Piezoelectric Effect of Bone. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. , 1957.","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.1158"},{"key":"4075_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1336796","volume":"123","author":"AFT Mak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mak, A. F. T., and J. D. Zhang. Numerical Simulation of Streaming Potentials Due to Deformation-Induced Hierarchical Flows in Cortical Bone. J. Biomech. Eng. 123:66\u201370, 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1336796.","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"4075_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, J., Z. Hou, Q.-H. Qin, D. Fu, and S. Pan. Variation of Streaming Potentials with Time under Steady Fluid Pressure in Bone. Appl. Sci. 9:, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9183726","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183726"},{"key":"4075_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Artamonov, M. Y., E. L. Sokov, L. E. Kornilova, and I. A. Minenko. The Intraosseous Environment: Physiological Parameters, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Emerging Insights in Bone Biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26:, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26083876","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083876"},{"key":"4075_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E851","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00367.2001","volume":"282","author":"A Rubinacci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rubinacci, A., M. Covini, C. Bisogni, I. Villa, M. Galli, C. Palumbo, M. Ferretti, M. A. Muglia, and G. Marotti. Bone as an ion exchange system: evidence for a link between mechanotransduction and metabolic needs. Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. 282:E851\u2013E864, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00367.2001.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4075_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12300","volume":"6","author":"BC Heng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heng, B. C., Y. Bai, X. Li, Y. Meng, Y. Lu, X. Zhang, and X. Deng. The bioelectrical properties of bone tissue. Anim. Models Exp. Med. 6:120\u2013130, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ame2.12300.","journal-title":"Anim. Models Exp. Med."},{"key":"4075_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01324-1","volume":"46","author":"L Leppik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leppik, L., K. M. C. Oliveira, M. B. Bhavsar, and J. H. Barker. Electrical stimulation in bone tissue engineering treatments. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 46:231\u2013244, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-020-01324-1.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"4075_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"deVet, T., A. Jhirad, L. Pravato, and G. R. Wohl. Bone Bioelectricity and Bone-Cell Response to Electrical Stimulation: A Review. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 49:, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2021035327","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2021035327"},{"key":"4075_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030402","volume":"11","author":"M Di Bartolomeo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Bartolomeo, M., F. Cavani, A. Pellacani, A. Grande, R. Salvatori, L. Chiarini, R. Nocini, and A. Anesi. Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field (PEMF) Effect on Bone Healing in Animal Models: A Review of Its Efficacy Related to Different Type of Damage. Biol.- BASEL. 11:402, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11030402.","journal-title":"Biol.- BASEL"},{"key":"4075_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Konstantinou, E., Z. Zagoriti, A. Pyriochou, and K. Poulas. Microcurrent Stimulation Triggers MAPK Signaling and TGF-\u03b21 Release in Fibroblast and Osteoblast-Like Cell Lines. Cells 9:, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9091924","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091924"},{"key":"4075_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1039\/C5BM00350D","volume":"4","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, A., K. C. Nune, and R. D. K. Misra. Electric field-mediated growth of osteoblasts \u2013 the significant impact of dynamic flow of medium. Biomater. Sci. 4:136\u2013144, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5BM00350D.","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00005","volume":"419","author":"RK Aaron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aaron, R. K., D. M. Ciombor, and B. J. Simon. Treatment of Nonunions With Electric and Electromagnetic Fields. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 419:21, 2004.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staehlke, S., M. Bielfeldt, J. Zimmermann, M. Gruening, I. Barke, T. Freitag, S. Speller, U. V. Rienen, and B. Nebe. Pulsed Electrical Stimulation Affects Osteoblast Adhesion and Calcium Ion Signaling. Cells 11:, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11172650","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172650"},{"key":"4075_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7118","volume":"237","author":"H Zhuang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhuang, H., W. Wang, R. M. Seldes, A. D. Tahernia, H. Fan, and C. T. Brighton. Electrical Stimulation Induces the Level of TGF-\u03b21 mRNA in Osteoblastic Cells by a Mechanism Involving Calcium\/Calmodulin Pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237:225\u2013229, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7118.","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"4075_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahm, F., V. Freiin Grote, J. Zimmermann, F. Haack, A. M. Uhrmacher, U. van Rienen, R. Bader, R. Detsch, and A. Jonitz-Heincke. Long-term stimulation with alternating electric fields modulates the differentiation and mineralization of human pre-osteoblasts. Front. Physiol. 13:, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.965181","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.965181"},{"key":"4075_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20153-3","volume":"12","author":"L He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, L., Y. Yao, N. Wang, and G. Nan. Effects of electric charge on fracture healing. Sci. Rep. 12:15839, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-20153-3.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassett, C. A. L., Pawluk, R. J., & BECKER, R. O. Effects of electric currents on bone in vivo. Nature , 1964.","DOI":"10.1038\/204652a0"},{"issue":"53","key":"4075_CR52","first-page":"1976","volume":"124","author":"I Yasuda","year":"1977","unstructured":"Yasuda, I. Electrical Callus and Callus Formation by Electret. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 124(53):1976\u20132007, 1977.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, A., X. Ma, J. Bian, Z. Jiao, Q. Zhu, P. Wang, and Y. Zhao. Signalling pathways underlying pulsed electromagnetic fields in bone repair. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1333566","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1333566"},{"key":"4075_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.06.007","volume":"1763","author":"IS Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim, I. S., J. K. Song, Y. L. Zhang, T. H. Lee, T. H. Cho, Y. M. Song, D. K. Kim, S. J. Kim, and S. J. Hwang. Biphasic electric current stimulates proliferation and induces VEGF production in osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys. Acta BBA - Mol. Cell Res. 1763:907\u2013916, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.06.007.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta BBA - Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"4075_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0554","volume":"15","author":"IS Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim, I. S., J. K. Song, Y. M. Song, T. H. Cho, T. H. Lee, S. S. Lim, S. J. Kim, and S. J. Hwang. Novel Effect of Biphasic Electric Current on In Vitro Osteogenesis and Cytokine Production in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Tissue Eng. Part A. 15:2411\u20132422, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0554.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"4075_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200110000-00009","volume":"83","author":"CT Brighton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brighton, C. T., W. Wang, R. Seldes, G. Zhang, and S. R. Pollack. Signal Transduction in Electrically Stimulated Bone Cells. JBJS. 83:1514, 2001.","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"4075_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34858","volume":"109","author":"L Bagne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bagne, L., M. A. Oliveira, A. T. Pereira, G. F. Caetano, C. A. Oliveira, A. A. Aro, G. B. Chiarotto, G. M. T. Santos, F. A. S. Mendon\u00e7a, and M. Santamaria-Jr. Electrical therapies act on the Ca2+\/CaM signaling pathway to enhance bone regeneration with bioactive glass [S53P4] and allogeneic grafts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 109:2104\u20132116, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.34858.","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"issue":"419","key":"4075_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00006","volume":"1976\u20132007","author":"RK Aaron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aaron, R. K., B. D. Boyan, D. M. Ciombor, Z. Schwartz, and B. J. Simon. Stimulation of Growth Factor Synthesis by Electric and Electromagnetic Fields. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1976\u20132007(419):30\u201337, 2004.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0147","volume":"144","author":"L Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang, L., X. Feng, and J. M. McDonald. The Role of Calmodulin in the Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis. Endocrinology. 144:4536\u20134543, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2003-0147.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4075_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404190","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404190","volume":"12","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, J., W. Xie, Y. Wu, Z. Li, and Y. Li. Accelerated Bone Healing via Electrical Stimulation. Adv. Sci. 12:2404190, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202404190.","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27142","volume":"116","author":"K Srirussamee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srirussamee, K., S. Mobini, N. J. Cassidy, and S. H. Cartmell. Direct electrical stimulation enhances osteogenesis by inducing Bmp2 and Spp1 expressions from macrophages and preosteoblasts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 116:3421\u20133432, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.27142.","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"4075_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090204","volume":"24","author":"F Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, F., T. Qiu, X. Wu, C. Wan, W. Shi, Y. Wang, J. Chen, M. Wan, T. L. Clemens, and X. Cao. Sustained BMP Signaling in Osteoblasts Stimulates Bone Formation by Promoting Angiogenesis and Osteoblast Differentiation1*. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24:1224\u20131233, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.090204.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2821","volume":"5","author":"S Mobini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mobini, S., L. Leppik, V. T. Parameswaran, and J. H. Barker. In vitro effect of direct current electrical stimulation on rat mesenchymal stem cells. PeerJ.5:e2821, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2821.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4075_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Komori, T. Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation by Runx2. , 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1050-9_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1050-9_5"},{"key":"4075_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0832-8","volume":"339","author":"T Komori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Komori, T. Regulation of bone development and extracellular matrix protein genes by RUNX2. Cell Tissue Res. 339:189\u2013195, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-009-0832-8.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"4075_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-10-9","volume":"10","author":"M Hronik-Tupaj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hronik-Tupaj, M., W. L. Rice, M. Cronin-Golomb, D. L. Kaplan, and I. Georgakoudi. Osteoblastic differentiation and stress response of human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to alternating current electric fields. Biomed. Eng. OnLine. 10:9, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-925X-10-9.","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"4075_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320110241S204","volume":"24","author":"B Chalidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chalidis, B., N. Sachinis, A. Assiotis, G. Maccauro, and F. Graziani. Stimulation of Bone Formation and Fracture Healing with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields: Biologic Responses and Clinical Implications. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 24:17\u201320, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03946320110241S204.","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4075_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510402","volume":"51","author":"CAL Bassett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bassett, C. A. L. Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields. J. Cell. Biochem. 51:387\u2013393, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.2400510402.","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"4075_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2005.06.006","volume":"10","author":"DM Ciombor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ciombor, D. M., and R. K. Aaron. The Role of Electrical Stimulation in Bone Repair. Foot Ankle Clin. 10:579\u2013593, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2005.06.006.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"4075_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198111000-00015","volume":"161","author":"CT Brighton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brighton, C. T., Z. B. Friedenberg, J. Black, J. L. J. Esterhai, J. E. I. Mitchell, and F. J. Montique. Electrically Induced Osteogenesis: Relationship between Charge, Current Density, and the Amount of Bone Formed: Introduction of a New Cathode Concept. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 161:122, 1981.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR71","first-page":"894","volume":"131","author":"ZB Friedenberg","year":"1970","unstructured":"Friedenberg, Z. B., E. T. Andrews, B. I. Smolenski, B. W. Pearl, and C. T. Brighton. Bone reaction to varying amounts of direct current. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 131:894\u2013899, 1970.","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"288","key":"4075_CR72","first-page":"1976","volume":"193","author":"M Noda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Noda, M., and A. Sato. Appearance of Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts in Electrically Stimulated Bones Cultured on Chorioallantoic Membranes. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 193(288):1976\u20132007, 1985.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2799189","volume":"11","author":"JM Khalifeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalifeh, J. M., Z. Zohny, M. MacEwan, M. Stephen, W. Johnston, P. Gamble, Y. Zeng, Y. Yan, and W. Z. Ray. Electrical Stimulation and Bone Healing: A Review of Current Technology and Clinical Applications. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 11:217\u2013232, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RBME.2018.2799189.","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4075_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199611010-00014","volume":"21","author":"A Rogozinski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rogozinski, A., and C. Rogozinski. Efficacy of Implanted Bone Growth Stimulation in Instrumented Lumbosacral Spinal Fusion. Spine. 21:2479, 1996.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"4075_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.50844","volume":"43","author":"G Victoria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Victoria, G., B. Petrisor, B. Drew, and D. Dick. Bone stimulation for fracture healing: What\u2019s all the fuss? Indian J. Orthop. 43:117\u2013120, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.50844.","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"4075_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163010-00002","volume":"63","author":"CT Brighton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brighton, C. T., J. Black, Z. B. Friedenberg, J. L. Esterhai, L. J. Day, and J. F. Connolly. A multicenter study of the treatment of non-union with constant direct current. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 63:2\u201313, 1981.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"117","key":"4075_CR77","first-page":"1976","volume":"148","author":"DC Paterson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Paterson, D. C., G. N. Lewis, and C. A. Cass. Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion with an Implanted Direct Current Stimulator. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 148(117):1976\u20132007, 1980.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199010000-00031","volume":"259","author":"PJ Cundy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cundy, P. J., and D. C. Paterson. A Ten-Year Review of Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion With an Implanted Bone Growth Stimulator. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 259:216, 1990.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199903010-00012","volume":"24","author":"DW Kucharzyk","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kucharzyk, D. W. A Controlled Prospective Outcome Study of Implantable Electrical Stimulation With Spinal Instrumentation in a High-Risk Spinal Fusion Population. Spine. 24:465, 1999.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"4075_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0410","volume":"3","author":"MR Asadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asadi, M. R., and G. Torkaman. Bacterial Inhibition by Electrical Stimulation. Adv. Wound Care. 3:91\u201397, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/wound.2012.0410.","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"4075_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01015","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01015-20","volume":"86","author":"VR Krishnamurthi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krishnamurthi, V. R., A. Rogers, J. Peifer, I. I. Niyonshuti, J. Chen, and Y. Wang. Microampere Electric Current Causes Bacterial Membrane Damage and Two-Way Leakage in a Short Period of Time. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86:e01015-e1020, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01015-20.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"4075_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicksic, P. J., D. T. Donnelly, M. Hesse, S. Bedi, N. Verma, A. J. Seitz, A. J. Shoffstall, K. A. Ludwig, A. M. Dingle, and S. O. Poore. Electronic Bone Growth Stimulators for Augmentation of Osteogenesis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models: A Narrative Review of Electrical Stimulation Mechanisms and Device Specifications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10:, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.793945","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.793945"},{"key":"4075_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2022.0127","author":"F Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, F., W. Liu, P. Li, H. Zhao, X. Deng, and H.-L. Wang. Electric\/Magnetic Intervention for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.teb.2022.0127.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"issue":"124","key":"4075_CR84","first-page":"1976","volume":"124","author":"TE Jorgensen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jorgensen, T. E. Electrical Stimulation of Human Fracture Healing by Means of a Slow Pulsating, Asymmetrical Direct Current. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 124(124):1976\u20132007, 1977.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198406000-00045","volume":"186","author":"O Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wahlstr\u00f6m, O. Stimulation of Fracture Healing with Electromagnetic Fields of Extremely Low Frequency (EMF of ELF). Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 186:293, 1984.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.62b4.6968752","volume":"62-B","author":"W de Haas","year":"1980","unstructured":"de Haas, W., J. Watson, and D. M. Morrison. Non-invasive treatment of ununited fractures of the tibia using electrical stimulation. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 62-B:465\u2013470, 1980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.62b4.6968752.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"4075_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22271","volume":"41","author":"L Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, L., C. Fu, F. Xiong, Q. Zhang, Z. Liang, L. Chen, C. He, and Q. Wei. Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bioelectromagnetics. 41:323\u2013337, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.22271.","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"4075_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0806-1","volume":"34","author":"JL Cebri\u00e1n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cebri\u00e1n, J. L., P. Gallego, A. Franc\u00e9s, P. S\u00e1nchez, E. Manrique, F. Marco, and L. L\u00f3pez-Dur\u00e1n. Comparative study of the use of electromagnetic fields in patients with pseudoarthrosis of tibia treated by intramedullary nailing. Int. Orthop. 34:437\u2013440, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-009-0806-1.","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"4075_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2019.02.022","volume":"120","author":"H Mohajerani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohajerani, H., F. Tabeie, F. Vossoughi, E. Jafari, and M. Assadi. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on mandibular fracture healing: A randomized control trial, (RCT). J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 120:390\u2013396, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jormas.2019.02.022.","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"4075_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00869","volume":"93","author":"S Adie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adie, S., I. A. Harris, J. M. Naylor, H. Rae, A. Dao, S. Yong, and V. Ying. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation for Acute Tibial Shaft Fractures: A Multicenter, Double-Blind. Randomized Trial. JBJS. 93:1569, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.J.00869.","journal-title":"Randomized Trial. JBJS"},{"key":"4075_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v45i2.1479","volume":"45","author":"A Martinez-Rondanelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez-Rondanelli, A., J. P. Martinez, M. E. Moncada, E. Manzi, C. R. Pinedo, and H. Cadavid. Electromagnetic stimulation as coadjuvant in the healing of diaphyseal femoral fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Colomb. M\u00e9dica. 45:67\u201371, 2014.","journal-title":"Colomb. M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"4075_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.28844","volume":"94-B","author":"PFW Hannemann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hannemann, P. F. W., K. W. A. G\u00f6ttgens, B. J. van Wely, K. A. Kolkman, A. J. Werre, M. Poeze, and P. R. G. Brink. The clinical and radiological outcome of pulsed electromagnetic field treatment for acute scaphoid fractures: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 94-B:1403\u20131408, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.28844.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"4075_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e3181d4880f","volume":"21","author":"C Faldini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faldini, C., M. Cadossi, D. Luciani, E. Betti, E. Chiarello, and S. Giannini. Electromagnetic bone growth stimulation in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with screws: prospective randomized double-blind study. Curr. Orthop. Pract. 21:282, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BCO.0b013e3181d4880f.","journal-title":"Curr. Orthop. Pract."},{"issue":"246","key":"4075_CR94","first-page":"1976","volume":"288","author":"GI Mammi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mammi, G. I., R. Rocchi, R. Cadossi, L. Massari, and G. C. Traina. The Electrical Stimulation of Tibial Osteotomies Double-Blind Study. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 288(246):1976\u20132007, 1993.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Factor, S., I. Druckmann, F. Atlan, Y. Rosenblatt, D. Tordjman, R. Krespi, E. Kazum, T. Pritsch, and G. Eisenberg. The Effects of Novel Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Device on Acute Distal Radius Fractures: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Randomized Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med. 12:, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12051866","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051866"},{"key":"4075_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100212","volume":"10","author":"D Pienkowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pienkowski, D., S. R. Pollack, C. T. Brighton, and N. J. Griffith. Comparison of asymmetrical and symmetrical pulse waveforms in electromagnetic stimulation. J. Orthop. Res. 10:247\u2013255, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100100212.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2005.03.015","volume":"23","author":"RJ Midura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Midura, R. J., M. O. Ibiwoye, K. A. Powell, Y. Sakai, T. Doehring, M. D. Grabiner, T. E. Patterson, M. Zborowski, and A. Wolfman. Pulsed electromagnetic field treatments enhance the healing of fibular osteotomies. J. Orthop. Res. 23:1035\u20131046, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2005.03.015.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26215-w","volume":"12","author":"N Verma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verma, N., T. Le, J. Mudge, P. J. Nicksic, L. Xistris, M. Kasole, A. J. Shoffstall, S. O. Poore, K. A. Ludwig, and A. M. Dingle. Efficacy of bone stimulators in large-animal models and humans may be limited by weak electric fields reaching fracture. Sci. Rep. 12:21798, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-26215-w.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.02.009","volume":"30","author":"J Petrofsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrofsky, J. The effect of the subcutaneous fat on the transfer of current through skin and into muscle. Med. Eng. Phys. 30:1168\u20131176, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.02.009.","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"4075_CR100","first-page":"637","volume":"29","author":"A Piazzolla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Piazzolla, A., G. Solarino, D. Bizzoca, N. Garofalo, F. Dicuonzo, S. Setti, and B. Moretti. Capactive Coupling Electric Fields in The Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents. 29:637\u2013646, 2015.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"4075_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-024-00758-2","volume":"25","author":"A Piazzolla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piazzolla, A., D. Bizzoca, G. Barbanti-Brodano, M. Formica, L. Pietrogrande, U. Tarantino, S. Setti, B. Moretti, and G. Solarino. Capacitive biophysical stimulation improves the healing of vertebral fragility fractures: a prospective multicentre randomized controlled trial. J. Orthop. Traumatol. 25:17, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00758-2.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"4075_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193408092253","volume":"33","author":"S Itoh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Itoh, S., T. Ohta, Y. Sekino, Y. Yukawa, and K. Shinomiya. Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures with a Wrist-Bridging External Fixation: The Value of Alternating Electric Current Stimulation. J. Hand Surg. Eur. 33:605\u2013608, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753193408092253.","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur."},{"key":"4075_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benazzo, F., M. Mosconi, G. Beccarisi, and U. Galli. Use of Capacitive Coupled Electric Fields in Stress Fractures in Athletes. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 145, 1995.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199501000-00023"},{"key":"4075_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507310076","volume":"36","author":"BR Beck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beck, B. R., G. O. Matheson, G. Bergman, T. Norling, M. Fredericson, A. R. Hoffman, and R. Marcus. Do Capacitively Coupled Electric Fields Accelerate Tibial Stress Fracture Healing?: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am. J. Sports Med. 36:545\u2013553, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546507310076.","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"4075_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199512000-00034","volume":"321","author":"CT Brighton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brighton, C. T., P. Shaman, R. B. Heppenstall, J. L. Esterhai, S. R. Pollack, and Z. B. Friedenberg. Tibial Nonunion Treated With Direct Current, Capacitive Coupling, or Bone Graft. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 321:223, 1995.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.50846","volume":"43","author":"PR Kuzyk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuzyk, P. R., and E. H. Schemitsch. The science of electrical stimulation therapy for fracture healing. Indian J. Orthop. 43:127\u2013131, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.50846.","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"4075_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(00)00135-X","volume":"1538","author":"H-P Wiesmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wiesmann, H.-P., M. Hartig, U. Stratmann, U. Meyer, and U. Joos. Electrical stimulation influences mineral formation of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys. Acta BBA - Mol. Cell Res. 1538:28\u201337, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-4889(00)00135-X.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta BBA - Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"4075_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1058","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00254.2013","volume":"306","author":"J Gardinier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gardinier, J., W. Yang, G. R. Madden, A. Kronbergs, V. Gangadharan, E. Adams, K. Czymmek, and R. L. Duncan. P2Y2 receptors regulate osteoblast mechanosensitivity during fluid flow. Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol. 306:C1058\u2013C1067, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00254.2013.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol."},{"key":"4075_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31724","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31724","volume":"6","author":"IS Aleem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aleem, I. S., I. Aleem, N. Evaniew, J. W. Busse, M. Yaszemski, A. Agarwal, T. Einhorn, and M. Bhandari. Efficacy of Electrical Stimulators for Bone Healing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Sham-Controlled Trials. Sci. Rep. 6:31724, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep31724.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Electrical stimulation-based bone fracture treatment, if it works so well why do not more surgeons use it? | European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgeryat <https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-019-01127-z>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-019-01127-z"},{"key":"4075_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.05.002","volume":"52","author":"A Harrison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrison, A., and V. Alt. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for stimulation of bone healing \u2013 A narrative review. Injury. 52:S91\u2013S96, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2021.05.002.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4075_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2889669","volume":"66","author":"X Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, X., O. Savchenko, Y. Li, S. Qi, T. Yang, W. Zhang, and J. Chen. A Review of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Therapeutic Applications. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 66:2704\u20132718, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2018.2889669.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4075_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2016.03.016","volume":"70","author":"A Harrison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harrison, A., S. Lin, N. Pounder, and Y. Mikuni-Takagaki. Mode & mechanism of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in fracture repair. Ultrasonics. 70:45\u201352, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultras.2016.03.016.","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"4075_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.11.008","volume":"30","author":"K-S Leung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leung, K.-S., W.-S. Lee, H.-F. Tsui, P.P.-L. Liu, and W.-H. Cheung. Complex tibial fracture outcomes following treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 30:389\u2013395, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.11.008.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"4075_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.04.010","volume":"43","author":"S Rutten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rutten, S., P. A. Nolte, C. M. Korstjens, M. A. van Duin, and J. Klein-Nulend. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound increases bone volume, osteoid thickness and mineral apposition rate in the area of fracture healing in patients with a delayed union of the osteotomized fibula. Bone. 43:348\u2013354, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2008.04.010.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"4075_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199707000-00002","volume":"79","author":"TK Kristiansen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kristiansen, T. K., J. P. Ryaby, J. McCabe, J. J. Frey, and L. R. Roe. Accelerated healing of distal radial fractures with the use of specific, low-intensity ultrasound. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 79:961\u2013973, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-199707000-00002.","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"4075_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-229","volume":"11","author":"MD Schofer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schofer, M. D., J. E. Block, J. Aigner, and A. Schmelz. Improved healing response in delayed unions of the tibia with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: results of a randomized sham-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 11:229, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-11-229.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"4075_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Padilla, F., R. Puts, L. Vico, A. Guignandon, and K. Raum. Stimulation of Bone Repair with Ultrasound. In: Therapeutic Ultrasound, edited by J.-M. Escoffre, and A. Bouakaz. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 385\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-22536-4_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22536-4_21"},{"key":"4075_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12121488","volume":"12","author":"C McCarthy","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCarthy, C., and G. Camci-Unal. Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Bone Tissue Engineering. Micromachines. 12:1488, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi12121488.","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"4075_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106722","volume":"9","author":"F-Y Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei, F.-Y., K.-S. Leung, G. Li, J. Qin, S.K.-H. Chow, S. Huang, M.-H. Sun, L. Qin, and W.-H. Cheung. Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Recruitment through Stromal Derived Factor-1 Signaling in Fracture Healing. PLOS ONE.9:e106722, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106722.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"4075_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000209387","volume":"76","author":"S Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu, S., Y. Kawahara, T. Manabe, K. Ogawa, M. Matsumoto, A. Sasaki, and L. Yuge. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Osteoblast Differentiation and Promotes Bone Formation in an Osteoporosis Rat Model. Pathobiology. 76:99\u2013107, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000209387.","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"4075_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21223","volume":"29","author":"M Coords","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coords, M., E. Breitbart, D. Paglia, N. Kappy, A. Gandhi, J. Cottrell, N. Cedeno, N. Pounder, J. P. O\u2019Connor, and S. S. Lin. The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound upon diabetic fracture healing. J. Orthop. Res. 29:181\u2013188, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.21223.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.385","volume":"60","author":"M Katano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katano, M., K. Naruse, K. Uchida, Y. Mikuni-Takagaki, M. Takaso, M. Itoman, and K. Urabe. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates delayed healing process by reducing the time required for the completion of endochondral ossification in the aged mouse femur fracture model. Exp. Anim. 60:385\u2013395, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1538\/expanim.60.385.","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"4075_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.04.011","volume":"36","author":"K Naruse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naruse, K., H. Sekiya, Y. Harada, S. Iwabuchi, Y. Kozai, R. Kawamata, I. Kashima, K. Uchida, K. Urabe, K. Seto, M. Itoman, and Y. Mikuni-Takagaki. Prolonged Endochondral Bone Healing in Senescence is Shortened by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in a Manner Dependent on COX-2. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 36:1098\u20131108, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.04.011.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"4075_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2008.02.005","volume":"48","author":"NM Pounder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pounder, N. M., and A. J. Harrison. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for fracture healing: A review of the clinical evidence and the associated biological mechanism of action. Ultrasonics. 48:330\u2013338, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultras.2008.02.005.","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"4075_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.50847","volume":"43","author":"R Mundi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mundi, R., S. Petis, R. Kaloty, V. Shetty, and M. Bhandari. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: Fracture healing. Indian J. Orthop. 43:132\u2013140, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.50847.","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"4075_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j656","volume":"356","author":"S Schandelmaier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schandelmaier, S., A. Kaushal, L. Lytvyn, D. Heels-Ansdell, R. A. C. Siemieniuk, T. Agoritsas, G. H. Guyatt, P. O. Vandvik, R. Couban, B. Mollon, and J. W. Busse. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for bone healing: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMJ-Br. Med. J.356:j656, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j656.","journal-title":"BMJ-Br. Med. J."},{"key":"4075_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008181","volume":"96","author":"S Lou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lou, S., H. Lv, Z. Li, L. Zhang, and P. Tang. The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on fresh fracture: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore).96:e8181, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000008181.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"4075_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.05.016","volume":"48","author":"R Leighton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leighton, R., J. T. Watson, P. Giannoudis, C. Papakostidis, A. Harrison, and R. G. Steen. Healing of fracture nonunions treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 48:1339\u20131347, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2017.05.016.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4075_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.O.00027","volume":"4","author":"S Rutten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rutten, S., M. P. J. van den Bekerom, I. N. Sierevelt, and P. A. Nolte. Enhancement of Bone-Healing by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound: A Systematic Review. JBJS Rev.4:e6, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.O.00027.","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"4075_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-006-1080-3","volume":"12","author":"S Jingushi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jingushi, S., K. Mizuno, T. Matsushita, and M. Itoman. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for postoperative delayed union or nonunion of long bone fractures. J. Orthop. Sci. 12:35\u201341, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-006-1080-3.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.06.002","volume":"31","author":"D Gebauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gebauer, D., E. Mayr, E. Orthner, and J. P. Ryaby. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: Effects on nonunions. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 31:1391\u20131402, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.06.002.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"4075_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v042a20","volume":"42","author":"R Puts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puts, R., R. Vico, N. Beilfuss, M. Shaka, F. Padilla, and K. Raum. Pulsed Ultrasound for Bone Regeneration - Outcomes and Hurdles in the Clinical Application: A Systematic Review. Eur. Cell. Mater. 42:281\u2013311, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22203\/eCM.v042a20.","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"4075_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio061665","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.061665","volume":"13","author":"B Salah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salah, B., D. Shahin, M. Sarhan, J. Al-Karmi, B. Al-Kurdi, R. Al-Atoom, M. A. Ismail, N. Hammad, H. Jafar, A. Awidi, and N. A. Ababneh. Effect of cigarette smoke on the proliferation, viability, gene expression, and cellular functions of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from smoking and non-smoking donors. Biol. Open. 13:bio061665, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.061665.","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"4075_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00039.2016","volume":"32","author":"N Sawada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sawada, N., and Z. Arany. Metabolic Regulation of Angiogenesis in Diabetes and Aging. Physiology. 32:290\u2013307, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00039.2016.","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"4075_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.01.004","volume":"54","author":"F Padilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Padilla, F., R. Puts, L. Vico, and K. Raum. Stimulation of bone repair with ultrasound: A review of the possible mechanic effects. Ultrasonics. 54:1125\u20131145, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.01.004.","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"4075_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000111","volume":"21","author":"WR Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson, W. R., S. S. Yen, and J. Rubin. Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 21:447, 2014.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"4075_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-012-0132-1","volume":"11","author":"ME Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan, M. E., G. Uzer, and C. T. Rubin. The Potential Benefits and Inherent Risks of Vibration as a Non-Drug Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 11:36\u201344, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-012-0132-1.","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, X., and H. Duan. Advances in vibration therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis. Front. Endocrinol. 16:, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1611677","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1611677"},{"key":"4075_CR140","first-page":"193","volume":"10","author":"Rauch, F., H. Sievanen, S. Boonen, M. Cardinale, H. Degens, D. Felsenberg, J. Roth, E. Schoenau, S. Verschueren, J. Rittweger, and International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rauch, F., H. Sievanen, S. Boonen, M. Cardinale, H. Degens, D. Felsenberg, J. Roth, E. Schoenau, S. Verschueren, J. Rittweger, and International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. Reporting whole-body vibration intervention studies: recommendations of the International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 10:193\u2013198, 2010.","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"4075_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocki, A., M. Butler, T. Shamliyan, and R. L. Kane. Whole-Body Vibration Therapy for Osteoporosis. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2011.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00006"},{"key":"4075_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/35088122","volume":"412","author":"C Rubin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubin, C., A. S. Turner, S. Bain, C. Mallinckrodt, and K. McLeod. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature. 412:603\u2013604, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35088122.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4075_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20824","volume":"27","author":"AE Goodship","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodship, A. E., T. J. Lawes, and C. T. Rubin. Low-magnitude high-frequency mechanical signals accelerate and augment endochondral bone repair: Preliminary evidence of efficacy. J. Orthop. Res. 27:922\u2013930, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.20824.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.11.028","volume":"46","author":"H-F Shi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shi, H.-F., W.-H. Cheung, L. Qin, A.H.-C. Leung, and K.-S. Leung. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration treatment augments fracture healing in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic bone. Bone. 46:1299\u20131305, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2009.11.028.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"4075_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22715","volume":"32","author":"S-L Chung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chung, S.-L., K.-S. Leung, and W.-H. Cheung. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration enhances gene expression related to callus formation, mineralization and remodeling during osteoporotic fracture healing in rats. J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc. 32:1572\u20131579, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.22715.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"key":"4075_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.595139","volume":"8","author":"L Steppe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steppe, L., A. Liedert, A. Ignatius, and M. Haffner-Luntzer. Influence of Low-Magnitude High-Frequency Vibration on Bone Cells and Bone Regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.8:595139, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.595139.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"4075_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22629","volume":"32","author":"E Wehrle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wehrle, E., T. Wehner, A. Heilmann, R. Bindl, L. Claes, F. Jakob, M. Amling, and A. Ignatius. Distinct frequency dependent effects of whole-body vibration on non-fractured bone and fracture healing in mice. J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc. 32:1006\u20131013, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.22629.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"key":"4075_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.018622","volume":"8","author":"E Wehrle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wehrle, E., A. Liedert, A. Heilmann, T. Wehner, R. Bindl, L. Fischer, M. Haffner-Luntzer, F. Jakob, T. Schinke, M. Amling, and A. Ignatius. The impact of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration on fracture healing is profoundly influenced by the oestrogen status in mice. Dis. Model. Mech. 8:93\u2013104, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.018622.","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"4075_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060612","volume":"21","author":"V Gilsanz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilsanz, V., T. A. Wren, M. Sanchez, F. Dorey, S. Judex, and C. Rubin. Low-Level, High-Frequency Mechanical Signals Enhance Musculoskeletal Development of Young Women With Low BMD. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21:1464\u20131474, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.060612.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.0301251","volume":"19","author":"C Rubin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubin, C., R. Recker, D. Cullen, J. Ryaby, J. McCabe, and K. McLeod. Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss by a Low-Magnitude, High-Frequency Mechanical Stimuli: A Clinical Trial Assessing Compliance, Efficacy, and Safety*. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19:343\u2013351, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/JBMR.0301251.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1215-4","volume":"22","author":"S von Stengel","year":"2011","unstructured":"von Stengel, S., W. Kemmler, K. Engelke, and W. A. Kalender. Effects of whole body vibration on bone mineral density and falls: results of the randomized controlled ELVIS study with postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 22:317\u2013325, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-010-1215-4.","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"4075_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00005","volume":"155","author":"L Slatkovska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Slatkovska, L., S. M. H. Alibhai, J. Beyene, H. Hu, A. Demaras, and A. M. Cheung. Effect of 12 Months of Whole-Body Vibration Therapy on Bone Density and Structure in Postmenopausal Women. Ann. Intern. Med. 155:668\u2013679, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00005.","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"4075_CR153","unstructured":"Keen, M. U., M. J. Barnett, and C. Anastasopoulou. Osteoporosis in Females. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2025.at <http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559156\/>"},{"key":"4075_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040129","volume":"19","author":"K Ward","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ward, K., C. Alsop, J. Caulton, C. Rubin, J. Adams, and Z. Mughal. Low Magnitude Mechanical Loading Is Osteogenic in Children With Disabling Conditions*. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19:360\u2013369, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/JBMR.040129.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.5.876","volume":"18","author":"S Torvinen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Torvinen, S., P. Kannus, H. Siev\u00e4nen, T. A. H. J\u00e4rvinen, M. Pasanen, S. Kontulainen, A. Nenonen, T. L. N. J\u00e4rvinen, T. Paakkala, M. J\u00e4rvinen, and I. Vuori. Effect of 8-month vertical whole body vibration on bone, muscle performance, and body balance: a randomized controlled study. J. Bone Miner. Res Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. 18:876\u2013884, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.5.876.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.0301245","volume":"19","author":"SM Verschueren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Verschueren, S. M., M. Roelants, C. Delecluse, S. Swinnen, D. Vanderschueren, and S. Boonen. Effect of 6-Month Whole Body Vibration Training on Hip Density, Muscle Strength, and Postural Control in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19:352\u2013359, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/JBMR.0301245.","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200807010-00001","volume":"121","author":"X-Y Ruan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruan, X.-Y., F.-Y. Jin, Y.-L. Liu, Z.-L. Peng, and Y.-G. Sun. Effects of vibration therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 121:1155\u20131158, 2008.","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"4075_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S53591","volume":"8","author":"C-L Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai, C.-L., S.-Y. Tseng, C.-N. Chen, W.-C. Liao, C.-H. Wang, M.-C. Lee, and P.-S. Hsu. Effect of 6 months of whole body vibration on lumbar spine bone density in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Interv. Aging. 8:1603\u20131609, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S53591.","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"4075_CR159","unstructured":"Bone Mineral Content - an overview | ScienceDirect Topicsat <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/social-sciences\/bone-mineral-content>"},{"key":"4075_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2144-1","volume":"24","author":"TP Lam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lam, T. P., B. K. W. Ng, L. W. H. Cheung, K. M. Lee, L. Qin, and J. C. Y. Cheng. Effect of whole body vibration (WBV) therapy on bone density and bone quality in osteopenic girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporos. Int. 24:1623\u20131636, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-012-2144-1.","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"4075_CR161","unstructured":"Osteoboost Precision Vibration Therapyat <https:\/\/osteoboost.com\/>"},{"key":"4075_CR162","unstructured":"510(k) Premarket Notificationat <https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfpmn\/pmn.cfm?ID=K243790>"},{"key":"4075_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zia051","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziaf051","volume":"9","author":"DP Kiel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kiel, D. P., T. A. Guise, M. Styner, and J. Rubin. Concerns about the paper, \u201cBenefits of targeted vibration for bone strength and bone density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized, sham-controlled trial.\u201d JBMR Plus. 9:zia051, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziaf051.","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"4075_CR164","unstructured":"Product \u2013 Marodyne LiVat <https:\/\/marodyne.btt-health.com\/product>"},{"key":"4075_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.03.028","volume":"88","author":"W-H Cheung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheung, W.-H., H.-W. Mok, L. Qin, P.-C. Sze, K.-M. Lee, and K.-S. Leung. High-Frequency Whole-Body Vibration Improves Balancing Ability in Elderly Women. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 88:852\u2013857, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.03.028.","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"4075_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2693-6","volume":"25","author":"KS Leung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leung, K. S., C. Y. Li, Y. K. Tse, T. K. Choy, P. C. Leung, V. W. Y. Hung, S. Y. Chan, A. H. C. Leung, and W. H. Cheung. Effects of 18-month low-magnitude high-frequency vibration on fall rate and fracture risks in 710 community elderly\u2014a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos. Int. 25:1785\u20131795, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-014-2693-6.","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"4075_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krasnow, S. M., C. T. Rubin, E. J. Roeland, F. B. Horak, S. A. Stoyles, N. F. Dieckmann, K. N. Braun, and K. M. Winters-Stone. Low-Intensity Vibration to Reduce Symptoms and Improve Physical Functioning in Cancer Survivors With Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Pilot Randomized Trial. JCO Oncol. Pract. OP2400961, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/OP-24-00961","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-24-00961"},{"key":"4075_CR168","unstructured":"ISO 2631-5:2018 - Mechanical Vibration and Shock - Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration - Part 5: Method for Evaluation of Vibration Containing Multiple Shocks"},{"key":"4075_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.07.024","volume":"127","author":"M Mohammadkhah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadkhah, M., D. Marinkovic, M. Zehn, and S. Checa. A review on computer modeling of bone piezoelectricity and its application to bone adaptation and regeneration. Bone. 127:544\u2013555, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2019.07.024.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"4075_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410400","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J., C. Liu, J. Li, T. Yu, J. Ruan, and F. Yang. Advanced Piezoelectric Materials, Devices, and Systems for Orthopedic Medicine. Adv. Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202410400.","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reis, J., C. Frias, C. Canto e Castro, M. L. Botelho, A. T. Marques, J. A. O. Sim\u00f5es, F. Capela e Silva, and J. Potes 2012 A New Piezoelectric Actuator Induces Bone Formation In Vivo: A Preliminary Study. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012:613403,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/613403","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/613403"},{"key":"4075_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244386","volume":"12","author":"C Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, C., J. Ji, Y. Lv, Z. Li, and D. Luo. Application of Piezoelectric Material and Devices in Bone Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS. 12:4386, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12244386.","journal-title":"NANOMATERIALS"},{"key":"4075_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aad755","volume":"27","author":"M Safaei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Safaei, M., R. M. Meneghini, and S. R. Anton. Force detection, center of pressure tracking, and energy harvesting from a piezoelectric knee implant. Smart Mater. Struct.27:114007, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/aad755.","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"4075_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3103776","volume":"69","author":"K Barri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barri, K., Q. Zhang, D. Mehta, S. Chakrabartty, R. E. Debski, and A. H. Alavi. Studying the Feasibility of Postoperative Monitoring of Spinal Fusion Progress Using a Self-Powered Fowler-Nordheim Sensor-Data-Logger. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69:710\u2013717, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2021.3103776.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4075_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson, B. A Smart Implantable Bone Fixation Plate Providing Actuation and Load Monitoring for Orthopedic Fracture Healing, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37099\/mtu.dc.etdr\/898","DOI":"10.37099\/mtu.dc.etdr\/898"},{"key":"4075_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204502","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204502","volume":"10","author":"BC Heng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heng, B. C., Y. Bai, X. Li, L. W. Lim, W. Li, Z. Ge, X. Zhang, and X. Deng. Electroactive Biomaterials for Facilitating Bone Defect Repair under Pathological Conditions. Adv. Sci. 10:2204502, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202204502.","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100772118","volume":"118","author":"G Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao, G., L. Kang, C. Li, S. Chen, Q. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Long, J. Li, K. Zhao, W. Xu, W. Cai, Y. Lin, and X. Wang. A self-powered implantable and bioresorbable electrostimulation device for biofeedback bone fracture healing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.118:e2100772118, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2100772118.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"4075_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadi6799","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi6799","volume":"10","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, T., H. Ouyang, Y. Luo, J. Xue, E. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Z. Liu, X. Li, S. Tan, Y. Chen, L. Nan, W. Cao, Z. Li, F. Chen, and L. Zheng. Rehabilitation exercise\u2013driven symbiotic electrical stimulation system accelerating bone regeneration. Sci. Adv. 10:eadi6799, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi6799.","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"4075_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39744-3","volume":"14","author":"W Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, W., H. Zhao, C. Zhang, S. Xu, F. Zhang, L. Wei, F. Zhu, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Huang, M. Xu, Y. He, B. C. Heng, J. Zhang, Y. Shen, X. Zhang, H. Huang, L. Chen, and X. Deng. In situ activation of flexible magnetoelectric membrane enhances bone defect repair. Nat. Commun. 14:4091, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39744-3.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"4075_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096181","volume":"9","author":"G-X Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, G.-X., S. Zheng, S. Qin, Z.-M. Zhong, X.-H. Wu, Z.-P. Huang, W. Li, R.-T. Ding, H. Yu, and J.-T. Chen. Effect of low-magnitude whole-body vibration combined with alendronate in ovariectomized rats: a random controlled osteoporosis prevention study. PloS One.9:e96181, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096181.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"4075_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2024.101790","volume":"22","author":"Z-B Qiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao, Z.-B., M.-Z. Gu, Y.-W. Wang, B.-B. Ma, and S.-S. Pang. Combination treatment with whole body vibration and simvastatin improves the early osseointegration in aged rats. Bone Rep.22:101790, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bonr.2024.101790.","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2017.14.3.305","volume":"14","author":"R Saggini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saggini, R., E. Ancona, S. M. Carmignano, M. Supplizi, G. Barassi, and R. G. Bellomo. Effect of combined treatment with focused mechano-acoustic vibration and pharmacological therapy on bone mineral density and muscle strength in post-menopausal women. Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab Off. J. Ital. Soc. Osteoporos. Miner. Metab. Skelet. Dis. 14:305\u2013311, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11138\/ccmbm\/2017.14.3.305.","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab Off. J. Ital. Soc. Osteoporos. Miner. Metab. Skelet. Dis."},{"key":"4075_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000067","volume":"28","author":"SR Angle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angle, S. R., K. Sena, D. R. Sumner, W. W. Virkus, and A. S. Virdi. Combined use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and rhBMP-2 to enhance bone formation in a rat model of critical size defect. J. Orthop. Trauma. 28:605\u2013611, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000067.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"4075_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197006","volume":"13","author":"Z Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qi, Z., P. Xia, S. Pan, S. Zheng, C. Fu, Y. Chang, Y. Ma, J. Wang, and X. Yang. Combined treatment with electrical stimulation and insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes bone regeneration in vitro. PLOS ONE.13:e0197006, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0197006.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"4075_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24892-0","volume":"8","author":"L Leppik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leppik, L., H. Zhihua, S. Mobini, V. Thottakkattumana Parameswaran, M. Eischen-Loges, A. Slavici, J. Helbing, L. Pindur, K. M. C. Oliveira, M. B. Bhavsar, L. Hudak, D. Henrich, and J. H. Barker. Combining electrical stimulation and tissue engineering to treat large bone defects in a rat model. Sci. Rep. 8:6307, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-24892-0.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.837430","volume":"10","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Q. Liu, H. Guo, J. Liang, and Y. Zhang. Overview of Physical and Pharmacological Therapy in Enhancing Bone Regeneration Formation During Distraction Osteogenesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol.10:837430, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2022.837430.","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"4075_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lei, L., Q. Zhang, M. Du, and L. Li. Mechanoregulation of cell fate by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: Mechanisms and advances in regenerative medicine. BIO Integr. 6:1\u201318, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15212\/bioi-2025-0049","DOI":"10.15212\/bioi-2025-0049"},{"key":"4075_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Group, T. I. writing, J. W. Busse, M. Bhandari, T. A. Einhorn, E. Schemitsch, J. D. Heckman, P. Tornetta, K.-S. Leung, D. Heels-Ansdell, S. Makosso-Kallyth, G. J. D. Rocca, C. B. Jones, and G. H. Guyatt. Re-evaluation of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in treatment of tibial fractures (TRUST): randomized clinical trial. BMJ 355:i5351, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i5351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5351"},{"key":"4075_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20753","volume":"27","author":"KS Leung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leung, K. S., H. F. Shi, W. H. Cheung, L. Qin, W. K. Ng, K. F. Tam, and N. Tang. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration accelerates callus formation, mineralization, and fracture healing in rats. J. Orthop. Res. 27:458\u2013465, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.20753.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4075_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2022.e00530","volume":"35","author":"J Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, J., H. Wen, H. Zhang, P. Huang, L. Liu, and H. Hu. Recent advances in biodegradable electronics- from fundament to the next-generation multi-functional, medical and environmental device. Sustain. Mater. Technol.35:e00530, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.susmat.2022.e00530.","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"4075_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aplin, F. P., and G. Y. Fridman. Implantable Direct Current Neural Modulation. In: Handbook of Neuroengineering, edited by N. V. Thakor. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 787\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5540-1_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5540-1_14"},{"key":"4075_CR192","first-page":"150","volume":"19","author":"DS Ruppert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruppert, D. S., O. L. A. Harrysson, D. J. Marcellin-Little, S. Bollenbecker, and P. S. Weinhold. Osteogenic benefits of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and vibration in a rodent osseointegration model. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 19:150\u2013158, 2019.","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"4075_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13738","volume":"32","author":"K Shobara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shobara, K., T. Ogawa, A. Shibamoto, M. Miyashita, A. Ito, and R. M. Sitalaksmi. Osteogenic effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and whole-body vibration on peri-implant bone. An experimental in vivo study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 32:641\u2013650, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.13738.","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"4075_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22043","volume":"38","author":"HM Bilgin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bilgin, H. M., F. \u00c7elik, M. Gem, V. Akpolat, \u0130 Y\u0131ld\u0131z, A. Ekinci, M. S. \u00d6zerdem, and S. Tunik. Effects of local vibration and pulsed electromagnetic field on bone fracture: A comparative study. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:339\u2013348, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.22043.","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"4075_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2319\/060809-318.1","volume":"80","author":"MA Borsje","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borsje, M. A., Y. Ren, H. W. de Haan-Visser, and R. Kuijer. Comparison of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Treatments on OPG and RANKL Expression in Human Osteoblast-like Cells. Angle Orthod. 80:498\u2013503, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/060809-318.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"4075_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.129_13509","volume":"30","author":"HJ Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, H. J., and S. J. Hwang. Comparison of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and PEMF for bone formation in DO. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 30:171\u2013171, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.129_13509.","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"4075_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-011-0177-7","volume":"13","author":"G Kasturi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kasturi, G., and R. A. Adler. Mechanical Means to Improve Bone Strength: Ultrasound and Vibration. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 13:251\u2013256, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-011-0177-7.","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"4075_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic fields bone growth stimulation in acute fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeryat <https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-014-2014-8>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-2014-8"},{"key":"4075_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E105","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.010113","volume":"57","author":"S Ebrahim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebrahim, S., B. Mollon, S. Bance, J. W. Busse, and M. Bhandari. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasonography versus electrical stimulation for fracture healing: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Can. J. Surg. 57:E105\u2013E118, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cjs.010113.","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"4075_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126438","volume":"22","author":"Y Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong, Y., L. Suryani, X. Zhou, P. Muthukumaran, M. Rakshit, F. Yang, F. Wen, A. M. Hassanbhai, K. Parida, D. T. Simon, D. Iandolo, P. S. Lee, K. W. Ng, and S. H. Teoh. Synergistic Effect of PVDF-Coated PCL-TCP Scaffolds and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Osteogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:6438, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126438.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4075_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105028","volume":"76","author":"R Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, R., E. J. Curry, T. T. Le, G. Awale, Y. Liu, S. Li, J. Contreras, C. Bednarz, J. Millender, X. Xin, D. Rowe, S. Emadi, K. W. H. Lo, and T. D. Nguyen. Biodegradable nanofiber bone-tissue scaffold as remotely-controlled and self-powering electrical stimulator. Nano Energy.76:105028, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105028.","journal-title":"Nano Energy"}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:16:21Z","timestamp":1782929781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":201,"alternative-id":["4075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04075-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests related to this work and confirm that no financial compensation has been received from any commercial entity in connection with this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}