{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:04:38Z","timestamp":1782936278040,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy","award":[": 10210 - MISE 127 - DESIGN FOR BABY WELLNESS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[": 10210 - MISE 127 - DESIGN FOR BABY WELLNESS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006690","name":"Politecnico di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bedding characteristics have been associated with an increased risk of respiratory impairment and sudden infant death. However, the relevant bedding properties and the mechanisms influencing newborn respiration remain poorly understood. Existing evidence is fragmented across epidemiological, clinical, forensic, and regulatory studies, with limited integration of respiratory physiology and engineering-based measurement frameworks. Consequently, current safety guidelines rely largely on qualitative criteria and simplified mechanical tests that may not adequately capture physiologically relevant risks. This review examines the available literature investigating potential mechanisms through which bedding characteristics may influence infant breathing, identifies possible relevant bedding properties, and critically evaluates the testing methods proposed to assess these properties. By synthesizing evidence across disciplines, we highlight key knowledge gaps and misalignments between current testing approaches and the underlying biomechanical and physiological determinants of respiratory compromise. Carefully designed future in-vivo and in-vitro studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms and more precisely identify hazardous bedding characteristics. In particular, stronger interdisciplinary integration and the development of advanced biomechanical in-vitro models that more accurately reproduce infant respiratory function are essential. This integrative framework aims to support evidence-based bedding design and inform future regulatory standards to enhance infant safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:22:32Z","timestamp":1775755352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infant Breathing and Bedding Characteristics: Objective Tests for Evaluating Their Relationship"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Veneroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mentasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Barzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Dellac\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4095_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S., J. M. S. Sucre, and B. T. Thach. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Apparent Life-Threatening Events. Kendig and Chernick\u2019s Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. 1046\u20131066, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1984-0.00076-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1984-0.00076-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7401163","volume":"9","author":"B Thach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thach, B. Tragic and sudden death: Potential and proven mechanisms causing sudden infant death syndrome. EMBO Rep. 9(2):114\u2013118, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.embor.7401163.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4095_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02536-z","volume":"21","author":"S Jullien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jullien, S. Sudden infant death syndrome prevention. BMC Pediatr. 21(Suppl 1):1\u20139, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02536-z.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(69)91806-4","volume":"31","author":"JRS Hales","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hales, J. R. S. Changes in respiratory activity and body temperature of the severely heat-stressed ox and sheep. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31(6):975\u2013985, 1969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-406X(69)91806-4.","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00210.2006","volume":"101","author":"MD White","year":"2006","unstructured":"White, M. D. Components and mechanisms of thermal hyperpnea. J. Appl. Physiol. 101(2):655\u2013663, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00210.2006.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1651-2227.1996.TB14063.X","volume":"85","author":"T Riesenfeld","year":"1996","unstructured":"Riesenfeld, T., K. Hammarlund, T. Norsted, and G. Sedin. Irregular breathing in young lambs and newborn infants during heat stress. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 85(4):467\u2013470, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1651-2227.1996.TB14063.X.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht353oa","volume":"22","author":"CR Lehr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lehr, C. R., E. Polishchuk, M. C. Delisle, C. Franz, and W. R. Cullen. Arsenic methylation by micro-organisms isolated from sheepskin bedding materials. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22(6):325\u2013334, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0960327103ht353oa.","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/ADC.83.3.234","volume":"83","author":"VK Rehan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rehan, V. K., J. M. Nakashima, A. Gutman, L. P. Rubin, and F. D. McCool. Effects of the supine and prone position on diaphragm thickness in healthy term infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 83(3):234\u2013238, 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ADC.83.3.234.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"4095_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.066","volume":"205","author":"F Baudin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baudin, F., et al. Physiological Effect of Prone Position in Children with Severe Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Cross-Over Study (BRONCHIO-DV). Journal of Pediatrics. 205:112-119.e4, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.066.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPL.2000.89.3.967\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/DG0900127007.JPEG","volume":"89","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W., and S. C. Gandevia. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 89(3):967\u2013976, 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPL.2000.89.3.967\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/DG0900127007.JPEG.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"4095_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dassios T., A. Vervenioti, and G. Dimitriou. Respiratory muscle function in the newborn: a narrative review. Springer Nature, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01529-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01529-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.6.711","volume":"69","author":"JL Emery","year":"1993","unstructured":"Emery, J. L. The dangers of soft bedding for infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 69(6):711, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.69.6.711.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"5612","key":"4095_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5612.209","volume":"3","author":"JL Emery","year":"1968","unstructured":"Emery, J. L., and J. A. Thornton. Effects of Obstruction to Respiration in Infants, with Particular Reference to Mattresses, Pillows, and their Coverings. Br. Med. J. 3(5612):209\u2013213, 1968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.3.5612.209.","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130052","volume":"5","author":"BT Thach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thach, B. T. Potential central nervous system involvement in sudden unexpected infant deaths and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Compr. Physiol. 5(3):1061\u20131068, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c130052.","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1164\/AJRCCM\/139.3.668","volume":"139","author":"AM Davies","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davies, A. M., J. S. Koenig, and B. T. Thach. Characteristics of upper airway chemoreflex prolonged apnea in human infants. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 139(3):668\u2013673, 1989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/AJRCCM\/139.3.668.","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.907","volume":"112","author":"SL Tonkin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tonkin, S. L., C. G. McIntosh, W. Hadden, C. Dakin, S. Rowley, and A. J. Gunn. Simple car seat insert to prevent upper airway narrowing in preterm infants: A pilot study. Pediatrics. 112(4):907\u2013913, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.112.4.907.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR17","unstructured":"\u201cDoes bedding affect the airway and allergy? - PubMed.\u201d Accessed: Aug. 02, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23022822\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA023171","volume":"349","author":"I Terreehorst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Terreehorst, I., et al. Evaluation of Impermeable Covers for Bedding in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 349(3):237\u2013246, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMOA023171.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"4095_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halley, C. et al. Bedding materials and early infant wheezing: A randomised controlled trial. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 36(4), 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/PAI.70073.","DOI":"10.1111\/PAI.70073"},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPL.1992.72.3.1032","volume":"72","author":"MR Wolfson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolfson, M. R., J. S. Greenspan, K. S. Deoras, J. L. Allen, and T. H. Shaffer. Effect of position on the mechanical interaction between the rib cage and abdomen in preterm infants. J. Appl. Physiol. 72(3):1032\u20131038, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPL.1992.72.3.1032.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"4095_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23049","volume":"50","author":"V Vendettuoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vendettuoli, V., et al. Positional effects on lung mechanics of ventilated preterm infants with acute and chronic lung disease. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 50(8):798\u2013804, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.23049.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(09)90010-5","volume":"122","author":"JS Kemp","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S., R. M. Kowalski, P. M. Burch, M. A. Graham, and B. T. Thach. Unintentional suffocation by rebreathing: A death scene and physiologic investigation of a possible cause of sudden infant death. Journal of Pediatrics. 122(6):874\u2013880, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(09)90010-5.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199612)22:6<335::AID-PPUL1>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"22","author":"WG Guntheroth","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guntheroth, W. G., and P. S. Spiers. Are bedding and rebreathing suffocation a cause of SIDS? Pediatr. Pulmonol. 22(6):335\u2013341, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199612)22:6%3c335::AID-PPUL1%3e3.0.CO;2-I.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2537","volume":"91","author":"AL Patel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patel, A. L., K. Harris, and B. T. Thach. Inspired CO2 and O2 in sleeping infants rebreathing from bedding: Relevance for sudden infant death syndrome. J. Appl. Physiol. 91(6):2537\u20132545, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2537.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00784.2018","volume":"126","author":"N Itzhak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Itzhak, N., and D. Greenblatt. Aerodynamic factors affecting rebreathing in infants. J. Appl. Physiol. 126(4):952\u2013964, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00784.2018.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"4095_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sangar\u00e9, L. R., L. Kaufman, R. A. Bardwell, D. Nichols, and M. Bryan. The risk of sleep-related death in an inclined sleep environment. BMC Public Health. 24(1), 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19731-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19731-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-009-0317-z","volume":"124","author":"M Schlaud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schlaud, M., et al. The German case-control scene investigation study on SIDS: Epidemiological approach and main results. Int. J. Legal Med. 124(1):19\u201326, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-009-0317-z.","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0505","volume":"123","author":"MM Vennemann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vennemann, M. M., T. Bajanowski, B. Brinkmann, G. Jorch, C. Sauerland, and E. A. Mitchell. Sleep environment risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome: The German sudden infant death syndrome study. Pediatrics. 123(4):1162\u20131170, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-0505.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bubnaitiene, V., R. Kalediene, and R. Kevalas. Case-control study sudden infant death syndrome in Lithuania, 1997-2000. BMC Pediatr. 5, 2005, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-5-41.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-41"},{"issue":"9404","key":"4095_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15323-8","volume":"363","author":"RG Carpenter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carpenter, R. G., et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: Case control study. Lancet. 363(9404):185\u2013191, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15323-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7371","key":"4095_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7371.1007","volume":"325","author":"D Tappin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tappin, D., H. Brooke, R. Ecob, and A. Gibson. Used infant mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: case-control study. BMJ. 325(7371):1007\u20131009, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.325.7371.1007.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"4095_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00168.x","volume":"88","author":"K Helweg-Larsen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Helweg-Larsen, K., et al. Interactions of infectious symptoms and modifiable risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS study. Acta Paediatr. 88(5):521\u2013527, 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00168.x.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"4095_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, E. A., S. M. Williams, and B. J. Taylor. Use of duvets and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, 1999.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.2.117"},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050192","volume":"112","author":"WJ Kleemann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kleemann, W. J., M. Schlaud, A. Fieguth, A. S. Hiller, T. Roth\u00e4mel, and H. D. Tr\u00f6ger. Body and head position, covering of the head by bedding and risk of sudden infant death (SID). Int. J. Legal Med. 112(1):22\u201326, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004140050192.","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"4095_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050911","volume":"157","author":"MP L\u2019Hoir","year":"1998","unstructured":"L\u2019Hoir, M. P., et al. Risk and preventive factors for cot death in The Netherlands, a low-incidence country. Eur. J. Pediatr. 157(8):681\u2013688, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004310050911.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"4095_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70116-7","volume":"133","author":"EA Mitchell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell, E. A., et al. Sheepskin bedding and the sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. 133(5):701\u2013704, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70116-7.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7126","key":"4095_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7126.195","volume":"316","author":"AL Ponsonby","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ponsonby, A. L., T. Dwyer, D. Couper, and J. Cochrane. Association between use of a quilt and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study. BMJ. 316(7126):195\u2013196, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.316.7126.195.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7093","key":"4095_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7093.1516","volume":"314","author":"H Brooke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brooke, H., A. Gibson, D. Tappin, and H. Brown. Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland, 1992\u20135. BMJ. 314(7093):1516\u20131520, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.314.7093.1516.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7051","key":"4095_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7051.191","volume":"313","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fleming, P. J., et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993\u20135 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths Regional Coordinators\u2026. BMJ. 313(7051):191\u2013195, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.313.7051.191.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4095_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleemann, W. J. et al. Hyperthermia in sudden infant death, 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01369674"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/25.2.366","volume":"25","author":"SM Williams","year":"1996","unstructured":"Williams, S. M., et al. Sudden infant death syndrome: Insulation from bedding and clothing and its effect modifiers. Int. J. Epidemiol. 25(2):366\u2013375, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/IJE\/25.2.366.","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"4095_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, C. A., B. J. Taylor, R. M. Laing, S. M. Williams, and E. A. Mitchell4. Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: Further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study, 1994.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00722.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199308053290601","volume":"329","author":"A-L Ponsonby","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ponsonby, A.-L., T. Dwyer, L. E. Gibbons, J. A. Cochrane, and Y.-G. Wang. Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome associated with the prone position. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(6):377\u2013382, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199308053290601.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4095_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Gilbert et al., \u201cCombined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden unexpected infant death,\u201d 1992. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/adc.bmj.com\/","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.2.171"},{"issue":"6822","key":"4095_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6822.277","volume":"304","author":"AL Ponsonby","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ponsonby, A. L., T. Dwyer, L. E. Gibbons, J. A. Cochrane, M. E. Jones, and M. J. McCall. Thermal environment and sudden infant death syndrome: Case-control study. Br. Med. J. 304(6822):277\u2013282, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.304.6822.277.","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"6743","key":"4095_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6743.85","volume":"301","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fleming, P. J., et al. Interaction between bedding and sleeping position in the sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study. BMJ. 301(6743):85\u201389, 1990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6743.85.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4095_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.29390\/001c.141257","volume":"61","author":"HL Olvera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olvera, H. L., A. Bossert, M. Koster, C. Stover, and E. M. Mannen. Common infant product materials negatively impact breathing. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy. 61:157\u2013165, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29390\/001c.141257.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"4095_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277142","volume":"223","author":"W Sauseng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sauseng, W., R. Kerbl, S. Thaller, M. Hanzer, and H. Zotter. Baby sleeping bag and conventional bedding conditions - Comparative investigations by infrared thermography. Klin. Padiatr. 223(5):276\u2013279, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1277142.","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00089.x","volume":"96","author":"S Arkell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arkell, S., P. Blair, J. Henderson, and P. Fleming. Is the mattress important in helping babies keep warm? - Paradoxical effects of a sleeping surface with negligible thermal resistance. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. 96(2):199\u2013205, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00089.x.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A. L. Occurrence and Mechanisms of Sudden Oxygen Desaturation in Infants Who Sleep Face Down. 111(4):328\u2013333, 2003.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.e328"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00340.x","volume":"12","author":"P Franco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Franco, P., W. Lipshut, F. Valente, S. Adams, J. Groswasser, and A. Kahn. Cardiac autonomic characteristics in infants sleeping with their head covered by bedclothes. J. Sleep Res. 12(2):125\u2013132, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00340.x.","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1440-1754.2002.00815.X","volume":"38","author":"PB Colditz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colditz, P. B., G. J. Joy, and K. R. Dunster. Rebreathing potential of infant mattresses and bedcovers. J. Paediatr. Child Health. 38(2):192\u2013195, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1440-1754.2002.00815.X.","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"4095_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, P., W. Lipshutz, F. Valente, S. Adams, S. Scaillet, and A. Kahn. Decreased Arousals in Infants Who Sleep With the Face Covered by Bedclothes, 2002.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1112"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70350-0","volume":"130","author":"AJ Campbell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Campbell, A. J., B. J. Taylor, and D. P. G. Bolton. Comparison of two methods of determining asphyxial potential of infant bedding. Journal of Pediatrics. 130(2):245\u2013249, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70350-0.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. T. Skadberg and T. Markestad, \u201cConsequences of Getting the Head Covered During Sleep in Infancy,\u201d 1997. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/100\/2\/e6","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.e6"},{"key":"4095_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lijowska, A. S., N. W. Reed, B. A. Mertins Chiodini, and B. T. Thach. Sequential arousal and airway-defensive behavior of infants in asphyxial sleep environments. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1):219\u2013228, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.219.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.219"},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1440-1754.1995.TB02910.X;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:14401754;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","volume":"31","author":"SM Beal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beal, S. M., L. Moore, M. Collett, B. Montgomery, C. Sprod, and A. Beal. The danger of freely rocking cradles. J. Paediatr. Child Health. 31(1):38\u201340, 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1440-1754.1995.TB02910.X;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:14401754;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"4095_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hale, T. M., F. A. Valea, J. R. Stelling, and G. A. San Roman. A new method and apparatus that prevents the rebreathing of expired carbon dioxide of sleeping neonates and infants. Am. J. Perinatol. 12(3):164\u2013167, 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-2007-994442.","DOI":"10.1055\/S-2007-994442"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00599.x","volume":"30","author":"BC Galland","year":"1994","unstructured":"Galland, B. C., C. M. Peebles, D. P. G. Bolton, and B. J. Taylor. The micro-environment of the sleeping newborn piglet covered by bedclothes: Gas exchange and temperature. J. Paediatr. Child Health. 30(2):144\u2013150, 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00599.x.","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"4095_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malcolm, G., G. Cohen, and D. Henderson-Smart. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the environment of sleeping infants, 1994.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00565.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"4095_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80841-8","volume":"123","author":"BA Chiodini","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chiodini, B. A., and B. T. Thach. Impaired ventilation in infants sleeping facedown: Potential significance for sudden infant death syndrome. J. Pediatr. 123(5):686\u2013692, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80841-8.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"4095_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. S. Jardine and R. H. Haschke, \u201cAn animal model of life-threatening hyperthermia during infancy,\u201d 1992. [Online]. Available: www.physiology.org\/journal\/jappl","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.1.340"},{"key":"4095_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S. and B. T. Thach. Sudden death in infants sleeping on polystyrene-filled cushions. N. Engl. J. Med., 1991.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106273242605"},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20210736","volume":"50","author":"MD Leshner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leshner, M. D. Thermal Rebreathing Model for Evaluation of Infant Bedding Materials. J. Test. Eval. 50(3):1\u201310, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JTE20210736.","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4095_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00325-x","volume":"8","author":"SH Gillani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gillani, S. H., G. S. Lowell, and K. P. Quinlan. A firm recommendation: measuring the softness of infant sleep surfaces. Inj. Epidemiol. 8(Suppl 1):1\u20139, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-021-00325-x.","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000374","volume":"3","author":"MR Maltese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maltese, M. R., and M. Leshner. Carbon dioxide rebreathing induced by crib bumpers and mesh liners using an infant manikin. BMJ Paediatr. Open. 3(1):1\u20137, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000374.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"4095_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leshner, M. D. Forensic Engineering Evaluation Of Co2 Re-Breathing In Infant Bedding Materials. Journal of the National Academy of Forensic Engineers. 29(2), 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51501\/jotnafe.v29i2.771.","DOI":"10.51501\/jotnafe.v29i2.771"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21351","volume":"46","author":"E Bar-Yishay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bar-Yishay, E., M. Gaides, A. Goren, and A. Szeinberg. Aeration properties of a new sleeping surface for infants. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 46(2):193\u2013198, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.21351.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"4095_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.038","volume":"11","author":"J Sakai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakai, J., S. Takahashi, and M. Funayama. Gas dispersal potential of infant bedding of sudden death cases. (I): CO2 accumulation around the face of infant mannequin model. Leg. Med. 11(SUPPL. 1):S404\u2013S405, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.038.","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4095_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.07.006","volume":"180","author":"J Sakai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sakai, J., J. Kanetake, S. Takahashi, Y. Kanawaku, and M. Funayama. Gas dispersal potential of bedding as a cause for sudden infant death. Forensic Sci. Int. 180(2\u20133):93\u201397, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.07.006.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.009","volume":"166","author":"J Sakai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sakai, J., M. Funayama, and J. Kanetake. The relationship between bedding and face-down death in infancy: Mathematical analysis of a respiratory simulation system using an infant mannequin to assess gas diffusibility in bedding. Forensic Sci. Int. 166(1):14\u201320, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.009.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1442-200X.2003.01708.X","volume":"45","author":"J Kanetake","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanetake, J., Y. Aoki, and M. Funayama. Evaluation of rebreathing potential on bedding for infant use. Pediatr. Int. 45(3):284\u2013289, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1442-200X.2003.01708.X.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"4095_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carolan, P. L., W. B. Wheeler, J. D. Ross, and J. S. Kemp. Potential to prevent carbon dioxide rebreathing of commercial products marketed to reduce sudden infant death syndrome risk. Pediatrics. 105(4 I):774\u2013779, 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.105.4.774.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.774"},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.4.323","volume":"78","author":"JN Carleton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carleton, J. N., A. M. Donoghue, and W. K. Porter. Mechanical model testing of rebreathing potential in infant bedding materials. Arch. Dis. Child. 78(4):323\u2013328, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.78.4.323.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"4095_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funayama, M., S. Mrmasaka, K. Iwasuhrro, and R. Nozawa. Inhaled Air Trapping Effect of Japanese Bedding as a Risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy, 1998.","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.185.55"},{"key":"4095_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell\u2019, A. J., D. Bolton2, S. M. Williams\u2019, and B. J. Taylor\u2019. A potential danger of bedclothes covering the face, 1996.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14016.x"},{"key":"4095_CR77","unstructured":"Skadberg,\u2019 B. T., A. Oterhals2, K. Finborud3, and T. Markestad\u2019. C 0 2 rebreathing: a possible contributory factor to some cases of sudden infant death?"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.2.740","volume":"78","author":"JS Kemp","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S., and B. T. Thach. Quantifying the potential of infant bedding to limit CO2 dispersal and factors affecting rebreathing in bedding. J. Appl. Physiol. 78(2):740\u2013745, 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.2.740.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"4095_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S., V. E. Nelson, and B. T. Thach. Physical properties of bedding that may increase risk of sudden infant death syndrome in prone-sleeping infants. Pediatr. Res. 36(1 I): 7\u201311, 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-199407001-00002.","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199407001-00002"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.2.187","volume":"69","author":"DPG Bolton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bolton, D. P. G., B. J. Taylor, A. J. Campbell, B. C. Galland, and C. Cresswell. Rebreathing expired gases from bedding: A cause of cot death? Arch. Dis. Child. 69(2):187\u2013190, 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.69.2.187.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.6.443","volume":"57","author":"DJ Hatch","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hatch, D. J., P. Helms, D. J. Matthew, and D. Skinner. Resistance to airflow through bedding materials used in infancy. Arch. Dis. Child. 57(6):443\u2013446, 1981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.57.6.443.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70437-8","volume":"132","author":"JS Kemp","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kemp, J. S., M. Livne, D. K. White, and C. L. Arfken. Softness and potential to cause rebreathing: Differences in bedding used by infants at high and low risk for sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. 132(2):234\u2013239, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70437-8.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.021","volume":"7","author":"EW Matshes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matshes, E. W., and E. O. Lew. An Approach to the Classification of Apparent Asphyxial Infant Deaths. Acad. Forensic Pathol. 7(2):200\u2013211, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23907\/2017.021.","journal-title":"Acad. Forensic Pathol."},{"key":"4095_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.78852","author":"R Barker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barker, R., and M. D. Leshner. Investigation of Suffocation Mechanisms in the Infant Sleep Environment Using a Mechanical Breathing Model Simulation. Cureus. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.78852.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4095_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Wang et al. Infant inclined sleep product safety: A model for using biomechanics to explore safe infant product design. J. Biomech. 128:110706, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110706"},{"key":"4095_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellagrammaticas, H. D., J. Kapetanakis, M. Papadimitriou, and G. Kourakis. Effect of body tilting on physiological functions in stable very low birthweight neonates. Arch. Dis. Child. 66(4 Spec No): 429\u2013432, 1991.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.4_Spec_No.429"},{"issue":"4","key":"4095_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1542\/PEDS.100.4.622","volume":"100","author":"OG Jenni","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenni, O. G., K. Von Siebenthal, M. Wolf, M. Keel, G. Duc, and H. U. Bucher. Effect of nursing in the head elevated tilt position (15\u00b0) on the incidence of bradycardic and hypoxemic episodes in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 100(4):622\u2013625, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/PEDS.100.4.622.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004951.pub2","author":"SL Bredemeyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bredemeyer, S. L., and J. P. Foster. Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd004951.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"4095_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80379-1","volume":"109","author":"LD Willett","year":"1986","unstructured":"Willett, L. D., M. P. Leuschen, L. S. Nelson, and R. M. Nelson. Risk of hypoventilation in premature infants in car seats. J. Pediatr. 109(2):245\u2013248, 1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80379-1.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"4095_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80854-6","volume":"115","author":"LD Willett","year":"1989","unstructured":"Willett, L. D., M. P. Leuschen, L. S. Nelson, and R. M. Nelson. Ventilatory changes in convalescent infants positioned in car seats. J. Pediatr. 115(3):451\u2013455, 1989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80854-6.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"4095_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.119180","volume":"93","author":"A C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, A., A. Bairam, M. Deschenes, and G. Hatzakis. Sudden infant deaths in sitting devices. Arch. Dis. Child. 93(5):384\u2013389, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2007.119180.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"1","key":"4095_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057991","volume":"150","author":"RY Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon, R. Y., R. F. Carlin, and I. Hand. Evidence Base for 2022 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment to Reduce the Risk of Sleep-Related Infant Deaths. Pediatrics. 150(1):1\u201347, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-057991.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"SUPPL","key":"4095_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.054","volume":"11","author":"J Sakai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakai, J., S. Takahashi, and M. Funayama. Gas dispersal potential of infant bedding of sudden death cases (II): Mathematical simulation of O2 deprivation around the face of infant mannequin model. Leg. Med. 11(SUPPL):1, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.054.","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"issue":"5832","key":"4095_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5832.80","volume":"4","author":"DPG Bolton","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bolton, D. P. G., K. W. Cross, and A. C. McKettrick. Are babies in carry cots at risk from CO2 accumulation? Br. Med. J. 4(5832):80\u201381, 1972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.4.5832.80.","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"4095_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-059737A","volume":"150","author":"RY Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon, R. Y., R. F. Carlin, and I. Hand. Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environmen. Pediatrics. 150(6):1\u201322, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-059737A.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4095_CR96","unstructured":"Guide, I. E. C. ISO\/IEC Guide 50: 2014; Safety Aspects-guidelines for child safety on standards and other specifications, vol. 2014. 2014."},{"key":"4095_CR97","unstructured":"\u201cStandards to Create Safer, More Breathable Juvenile Products | ASTM.\u201d Accessed: Sep. 10, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.astm.org\/news\/standards-create-safer-more-breathable-juvenile-products-jf25"}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:19:20Z","timestamp":1782929960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["4095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04095-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}