{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:04:29Z","timestamp":1782975869645,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1782971883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Study of Human Torso Mechanical Response and Injury Assessment Under Blast Loading with Bulletproof Protection"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4253_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000867","volume":"165","author":"K Kinch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kinch, K., J. L. Fullerton, and W. Stewart. One hundred years (and counting) of blast-associated traumatic brain injury. J. R Army Med. Corps. 165(3):180\u2013182, 2019.","journal-title":"J. R Army Med. Corps"},{"key":"4253_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2024.104989","volume":"191","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, P., et al. A design model of multi-layer modified aramid fabrics against fragment simulating projectiles and full metal jacketed bullets. Int. J. Impact. Eng.191:104989, 2024.","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"4253_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2024.101988","volume":"49","author":"M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, M., et al. Development of machine learning methods for mechanical problems associated with fibre composite materials: a review. Compos Commun.49:101988, 2024.","journal-title":"Compos Commun."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4253_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.11.106","volume":"11","author":"Z Sziklavari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sziklavari, Z., and T. F. Molnar. Blast injures to the thorax. J. Thorac. Dis. 11(Suppl 2):S167-s171, 2019.","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"4253_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.08.003","volume":"75","author":"B Rappert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rappert, B., R. Moyes, and I. Lang. The case for addressing explosive weapons: conflict, violence and health. Soc. Sci. Med. 75(11):2047\u20132054, 2012.","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"4253_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.11.030","volume":"27","author":"HA Colorado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colorado, H. A., et al. Additive manufacturing in armor and military applications: research, materials, processing technologies, perspectives, and challenges. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 27:3900\u20133913, 2023.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"4253_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02750-x","volume":"49","author":"Y Sekine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sekine, Y., et al. Efficacy of bulletproof vest in protection against blast injuries using a swine model in a confined space with a blast tube. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(10):2944\u20132956, 2021.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"4253_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6676244","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6676244","volume":"2021","author":"Y Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, Y., et al. Effects of explosion shock waves on lung injuries in rabbits. Shock Vib. 2021(1):6676244, 2021.","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"issue":"2","key":"4253_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00039-9","volume":"29","author":"JH Stuhmiller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stuhmiller, J. H., et al. A model of blast overpressure injury to the lung. J. Biomech. 29(2):227\u2013234, 1996.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"4253_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112963","volume":"192","author":"J Boutillier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boutillier, J., et al. Assessment of blast lung injury risk using an advanced surrogate system: evaluating chest protection efficacy in blast exposure scenarios. J Biomech.192:112963, 2025.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"4253_CR11","unstructured":"John, J., et al. VIVA+ Open Human Body Models for Virtual Testing. Automotive CAE Grand Challenge 2020. Hanau, Germany. 2020."},{"key":"4253_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918904","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.918904","volume":"10","author":"J John","year":"2022","unstructured":"John, J., et al. Hello, world! VIVA+: a human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10:918904, 2022.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"4253_CR13","unstructured":"Gayzik, F., et al. Development of a full human body finite element model for blunt injury prediction utilizing a multi-modality medical imaging protocol. 12th International LS-DYNA Users Conference, Detroit, Michigan, USA. 2012."},{"key":"4253_CR14","unstructured":"Gayzik, F.S., et al. Development of the global human body models consortium mid-sized male full body model. 39th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). 2011."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"4253_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1015000","volume":"16","author":"M Iwamoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwamoto, M., Y. Nakahira, and H. Kimpara. Development and validation of the total human model for safety (THUMS) toward further understanding of occupant injury mechanisms in precrash and during crash. Traffic Inj. Prev. 16(sup1):S36\u2013S48, 2015.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"12","key":"4253_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3879","volume":"40","author":"A Morena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morena, A., L. Peroni, and M. Scapin. Numerical investigation of the blast-induced injuries using an open-source detailed human model. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng.40(12):e3879, 2024.","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4253_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., et al., Directional effects of blast waves on human thorax: Dynamic response and injury mechanisms. Defence Technology, 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2025.12.011"},{"key":"4253_CR18","first-page":"99","volume":"66","author":"ZS Hostetler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hostetler, Z. S., et al. Lower extremity validation of a human body model for high rate axial loading in the underbody blast environment. Stapp Car Crash J. 66:99\u2013142, 2022.","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"4253_CR19","unstructured":"Toyota, Total human model for safety (THUMS), T.m. Corporation, editor, 2021."},{"key":"4253_CR20","volume-title":"IUTAM symposium on impact biomechanics: from fundamental insights to applications","author":"A Greer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greer, A., et al. Finite element modeling for the prediction of blast trauma. In: IUTAM symposium on impact biomechanics: from fundamental insights to applications,Springer, 2005."},{"key":"4253_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-017-0740-x","volume":"27","author":"X Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan, X., A. Przekwas, and R. Gupta. Computational modeling of blast wave interaction with a human body and assessment of traumatic brain injury. Shock Waves. 27:889\u2013904, 2017.","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"issue":"2","key":"4253_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00039-9","volume":"29","author":"JH Stuhmiller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stuhmiller, J. H., et al. A model of blast overpressure injury to the lung. J. Biomech. 29(2):227\u2013234, 1996.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"4253_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.011","volume":"86","author":"J Boutillier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boutillier, J., et al. Lung injury risk assessment during blast exposure. J. Biomech. 86:210\u2013217, 2019.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"4253_CR24","unstructured":"Rebelo, H.M.B., Cisma\u015fiu, C. A comparison between three air blast simulation techniques in LS-DYNA. 11th European LS-DYNA Conference. Salzburg, Austria: DYNAmore GmbH. 2017."},{"key":"4253_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2011.11.010","volume":"43","author":"W Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, W., and H. Hao. Numerical study of a new multi-arch double-layered blast-resistance door panel. Int. J. Impact Eng. 43:16\u201328, 2012.","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"4253_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-022-01089-z","volume":"32","author":"JS D\u00edaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, J. S., and S. E. Rigby. Blast wave kinematics: theory, experiments, and applications. Shock Waves. 32(5):405\u2013415, 2022.","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4253_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx033","volume":"183","author":"JP Lichtenberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lichtenberger, J. P., et al. imaging of combat-related thoracic trauma - blunt trauma and blast lung injury. Mil Med. 183(3\u20134):e89\u2013e96, 2018.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"4253_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712656","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.712656","volume":"9","author":"W Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng, W., et al. Evaluation and validation of thorax model responses: a hierarchical approach to achieve high biofidelity for thoracic musculoskeletal system. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9:712656, 2021.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"4253_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroell, C.K., D.C. Schneider, and A.M. Nahum. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. 1971.","DOI":"10.4271\/710851"},{"issue":"6","key":"4253_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1480832","volume":"19","author":"AL Schmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt, A. L., et al. Time and temperature sensitivity of the hybrid III neck. Traffic Inj. Prev. 19(6):657\u2013663, 2018.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"4253_CR31","unstructured":"Kingery, C.N. and G. Bulmash. Airblast parameters from TNT spherical air burst and hemispherical surface burst, in BRL-TR-02555. 1984, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD."},{"key":"4253_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05288-0","volume-title":"Blast waves","author":"CE Needham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Needham, C. E. Blast waves. New York: Springer, 2010."},{"key":"4253_CR33","first-page":"168","volume":"1078","author":"CR Bass","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bass, C. R., et al. Brain injuries from blast. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1078:168\u2013181, 2008.","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"4253_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandula, M. and R. Freeman. On the propagation and interaction of spherical blast waves, in 37th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. 2007, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2007-4117"},{"key":"4253_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P.A. Wound Ballistics Modeling for Blast Loading Blunt Force Impact and Projectile Penetration. 2015: United States.","DOI":"10.2172\/1331526"},{"issue":"3","key":"4253_CR36","first-page":"604","volume":"65","author":"CR Bass","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bass, C. R., K. A. Rafaels, and R. S. Salzar. Pulmonary injury risk assessment for short-duration blasts. J. Trauma. 65(3):604\u2013615, 2008.","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"4253_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.07.187","volume":"43","author":"T Lei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lei, T., et al. Blast injuries to the human mandible: Development of a finite element model and a preliminary finite element analysis. Injury. 43(11):1850\u20131855, 2012.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4253_CR38","unstructured":"Sharma, S. Biomechanical analysis of blast induced traumatic brain injury- a finite element modeling and validation study of blast effects on human brain. 2020."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"4253_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00006","volume":"40","author":"H Axelsson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Axelsson, H., and J. T. Yelverton. Chest wall velocity as a predictor of nonauditory blast injury in a complex wave environment. J. Trauma. 40(3 Suppl):S31\u2013S37, 1996.","journal-title":"J. Trauma"}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:58:28Z","timestamp":1782971908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["4253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04253-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}