{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:29:42Z","timestamp":1786386582090,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2026-25484582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25484582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002630","name":"Ewha Womans University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:59:54Z","timestamp":1786384794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subject-Specific Finite Element Analysis of the Foot Using a Simplified Parametric Bone Model from Weight-Bearing Radiographs"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Olamide Robiat","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngbin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Quagliato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungeun","family":"Gwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyesu","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gu-Hee","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taeyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05629-6","volume":"28","author":"DR Palanisami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palanisami, D. R., R. B. Rajasekaran, P. K. Reddy, R. Natesan, A. Sethuraman, and S. Rajasekaran. Foot loading pattern and hind foot alignment are corrected in varus knees following total knee arthroplasty: a pedobarographic analysis. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 28(6):1861\u20131867, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-019-05629-6.","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"4300_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.08.002","volume":"15","author":"V Filardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Filardi, V. Flatfoot and normal foot: a comparative analysis of the stress shielding. J. Orthop. 15(3):820\u2013825, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2018.08.002.","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"issue":"2","key":"4300_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.10.018","volume":"39","author":"LM Fern\u00e1ndez-Segu\u00edn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Segu\u00edn, L. M., J. A. Diaz Mancha, R. S\u00e1nchez Rodr\u00edguez, E. Escamilla Mart\u00ednez, B. G\u00f3mez Mart\u00edn, and Ortega J. Ramos. Comparison of plantar pressures and contact area between normal and cavus foot. Gait Posture. 39(2):789\u2013792, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.10.018.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.7547\/8750-7315-104.6.622","volume":"104","author":"J Pauk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauk, J., M. Ihnatouski, and B. Najafi. Assessing plantar pressure distribution in children with flatfoot arch: application of the clarke angle. J Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 104(6):622\u2013632, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/8750-7315-104.6.622.","journal-title":"J Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"4300_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.026","volume":"62","author":"AK Buldt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buldt, A. K., J. J. Allan, K. B. Landorf, and H. B. Menz. The relationship between foot posture and plantar pressure during walking in adults: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 62:56\u201367, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.026.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"4300_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1797727","author":"S Kim","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kim, S., Y. Lim, S. Jung, L. Quagliato, O. R. Hassan, J. Ryu, et al. Finite element analysis-based optimization of longitudinal bending stiffness and rearfoot stability in carbon-plated running shoes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1797727.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"4300_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701119","volume":"27","author":"M Jannink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jannink, M., H. van Dijk, M. Ijzerman, K. Groothuis-Oudshoorn, J. Groothoff, and G. Lankhurst. Effectiveness of custom-made orthopaedic shoes in the reduction of foot pain and pressure in patients with degenerative disorders of the foot. Foot. Ankle Int. 27(11):974\u2013979, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070602701119.","journal-title":"Foot. Ankle Int."},{"key":"4300_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111312","volume":"144","author":"SD Uhlrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uhlrich, S. D., J. A. Kolesar, \u0141 Kidzi\u0144ski, M. A. Boswell, A. Silder, G. E. Gold, et al. Personalization improves the biomechanical efficacy of foot progression angle modifications in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. J. Biomech.144:111312, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111312.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"10","key":"4300_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.008","volume":"23","author":"RA Zifchock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zifchock, R. A., and I. Davis. A comparison of semi-custom and custom foot orthotic devices in high- and low-arched individuals during walking. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol). 23(10):1287\u20131293, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.008.","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)."},{"issue":"8","key":"4300_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1826-4","volume":"45","author":"PE Chatzistergos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chatzistergos, P. E., R. Naemi, A. Healy, P. Gerth, and N. Chockalingam. Subject specific optimisation of the stiffness of footwear material for maximum plantar pressure reduction. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45(8):1929\u20131940, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-017-1826-4.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"4300_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100408","volume":"10","author":"UA Wagner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wagner, U. A., B. J. Sangeorzan, R. M. Harrington, and A. F. Tencer. Contact characteristics of the subtalar joint: load distribution between the anterior and posterior facets. J. Orthop. Res. 10(4):535\u2013543, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100100408.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"4300_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.10.010","volume":"50","author":"R Suzuki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suzuki, R., K. Ito, T. Lee, and N. Ogihara. In-vivo viscous properties of the heel pad by stress-relaxation experiment based on a spherical indentation. Med. Eng. Phys. 50:83\u201388, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"4300_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.12.006","volume":"117","author":"G van den Heuvel","year":"2025","unstructured":"van den Heuvel, G., A. I. Buizer, L. Quirijnen, M. M. Witbreuk, M. M. van der Krogt, and W. Schallig. The effect of foot deformities on the interplay of forces within the foot: an analysis of multi-segment foot joint moments in cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 117:115\u2013120, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.12.006.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"4300_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112252","volume":"173","author":"Y Matsumoto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matsumoto, Y., S. Hakukawa, H. Seki, T. Nagura, N. Imanishi, M. Jinzaki, et al. Estimating three-dimensional foot bone kinematics from skin markers using a deep learning neural network model. J. Biomech.173:112252, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112252.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"4300_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303035","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1303035","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Y. Qi, B. Ma, H. Wu, Y. Wang, B. Wei, et al. Three-dimensional gait analysis of orthopaedic common foot and ankle joint diseases. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:1303035, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1303035.","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"4300_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.08.009","volume":"40","author":"G Moisan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moisan, G., C. Mainville, M. Descarreaux, and V. Cantin. Effects of foot orthoses on walking and jump landing biomechanics of individuals with chronic ankle instability. Phys. Ther. Sport. 40:53\u201358, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.08.009.","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport."},{"key":"4300_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103567","volume":"103","author":"JC Teoh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teoh, J. C., and T. Lee. Identification of potential plantar ulceration among diabetes patients using plantar soft tissue stiffness. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.103:103567, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103567.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"4300_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.005","volume":"43","author":"P Saraswat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saraswat, P., M. S. Andersen, and B. A. MacWilliams. A musculoskeletal foot model for clinical gait analysis. J. Biomech. 43(9):1645\u20131652, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.005.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"4300_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223","volume":"14","author":"A Seth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seth, A., J. L. Hicks, T. K. Uchida, A. Habib, C. L. Dembia, J. J. Dunne, et al. OpenSim: simulating musculoskeletal dynamics and neuromuscular control to study human and animal movement. PLoS Comput. Biol.14(7):e1006223, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4300_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4000\/bmsap.9914","volume":"34","author":"A Blasi-Toccacceli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blasi-Toccacceli, A., G. Daver, and M. Domalain. A review of multibody dynamic versus finite element analyses applied in palaeoanthropology: what can we expect for the study of hominin postcranial remains? Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthropol. Paris. 34(2):47\u201356, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/bmsap.9914.","journal-title":"Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthropol. Paris"},{"key":"4300_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04905-2","volume":"22","author":"H Yum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yum, H., H. Kim, T. Lee, M. S. Park, and S. Y. Lee. Cycling kinematics in healthy adults for musculoskeletal rehabilitation guidance. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 22:1044, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04905-2.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"4300_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0978-3","volume":"17","author":"M Akrami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akrami, M., Z. Qian, Z. Zou, D. Howard, C. J. Nester, and L. Ren. Subject-specific finite element modelling of the human foot complex during walking: sensitivity analysis of material properties, boundary and loading conditions. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 17(2):559\u2013576, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-017-0978-3.","journal-title":"Biomech. Model Mechanobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4300_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1359-7","volume":"44","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y., D. W. Wong, and M. Zhang. Computational models of the foot and ankle for pathomechanics and clinical applications: a review. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44(1):213\u2013221, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-015-1359-7.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4300_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-03984-3","author":"K Ito","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ito, K., Y. Matsumoto, H. Seki, T. Nagura, and N. Ogihara. Simulating human foot mechanics during walking based on an anatomically detailed forward dynamic finite element model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-03984-3.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4300_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106859","volume":"163","author":"T Kang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kang, T., J. Kim, H. Lee, H. Yum, C. Kwon, Y. Lim, et al. Super-fast and accurate nonlinear foot deformation prediction using graph neural networks. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.163:106859, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106859.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"4300_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15589250241239247","author":"O Bondar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bondar, O., L. Chertenko, T. Spahiu, and E. Shehi. Shoe customization in a mass-production mode. J. Eng. Fibers Fabr. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15589250241239247.","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"issue":"3","key":"4300_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264233","volume":"17","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L., K. Yick, P. Li, J. Yip, and S. Ng. Foot deformation analysis with different load-bearing conditions to enhance diabetic footwear designs. PLoS One.17(3):e0264233, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264233.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"4300_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2012.1-11","volume":"9","author":"SJ Lochner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lochner, S. J., J. P. Huissoon, and S. S. Bedi. Parametric design of custom foot orthotic model. Comput. Aided Des. Appl. 9(1):1\u201311, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3722\/cadaps.2012.1-11.","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"4300_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.03.069","volume":"46","author":"V Balaji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaji, V., D. Rajesh, N. MuruguNachippan, T. Maridurai, T. Sathish, and E. Balakrishnan. Finite element analysis of a human foot. Mater. Today Proc. 46:4265\u20134270, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.03.069.","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"4300_CR30","unstructured":"Cheung, J.T., Zhang, M. Finite element modeling of the human foot and footwear. In: ABAQUS Users\u2019 Conference, 2006, pp. 145\u2013159."},{"key":"4300_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6943723","author":"Z Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Z., K. Imai, M. Kido, K. Ikoma, and S. Hirai. A finite element model of flatfoot (Pes Planus) for improving surgical plan. Ann. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6943723.","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"4300_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85688-7","volume":"15","author":"L Quagliato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Quagliato, L., Y. Lim, Y. Choi, K. M. Lee, S. Kim, and T. Lee. Optimizing the graft size in the Evans osteotomy to minimize the calcaneocuboid joint pressure by highly realistic in-silico analysis. Sci. Rep. 15:2668, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85688-7.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-02941-0","volume":"50","author":"S Jahangir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jahangir, S., A. Mohammadi, M. E. Mononen, J. Hirvasniemi, J. Suomalainen, S. Saarakkala, et al. Rapid X-ray-based 3-D finite element modeling of medial knee joint cartilage biomechanics during walking. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 50(6):666\u2013679, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-022-02941-0.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"4300_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0822-6","volume":"41","author":"S Schumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schumann, S., L. Liu, M. Tannast, M. Bergmann, L. Nolte, and G. Zheng. An integrated system for 3D hip joint reconstruction from 2D X-rays: a preliminary validation study. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 41(10):2077\u20132087, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-013-0822-6.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4300_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.240","volume":"147","author":"Z Taha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taha, Z., M. S. Norman, S. F. S. Omar, and E. Suwarganda. A finite element analysis of a human foot model to simulate neutral standing on ground. Proc. Eng. 147:240\u2013245, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.240.","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"4300_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.12.001","volume":"49","author":"S Telfer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Telfer, S., A. Erdemir, J. Woodburn, and P. R. Cavanagh. Simplified versus geometrically accurate models of forefoot anatomy to predict plantar pressures: a finite element study. J. Biomech. 49(2):289\u2013294, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.12.001.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"4300_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2011.07.009","volume":"25","author":"M Turrin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turrin, M., P. von Buelow, and R. Stouffs. Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms. Adv. Eng. Inform. 25(4):656\u2013675, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aei.2011.07.009.","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.01.003","volume":"31","author":"L Humbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Humbert, L., J. A. De Guise, B. Aubert, B. Godbout, and W. Skalli. 3D reconstruction of the spine from biplanar X-rays using parametric models based on transversal and longitudinal inferences. Med. Eng. Phys. 31(6):681\u2013687, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.01.003.","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.540758","volume":"15","author":"Y Chaibi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaibi, Y., T. Cresson, B. Aubert, J. Hausselle, P. Neyret, O. Hauger, et al. Fast 3D reconstruction of the lower limb using a parametric model and statistical inferences and clinical measurements calculation from biplanar X-rays. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 15(5):457\u2013466, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2010.540758.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4300_CR40","unstructured":"Zienkiewicz, O.C., Taylor, R.L., Govindjee, S. The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals, 8th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2025."},{"key":"4300_CR41","unstructured":"Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp. Abaqus User\u2019s Guide, Providence, RI, USA, 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90255-7","volume":"20","author":"PR Cavanagh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cavanagh, P. R., and M. M. Rodgers. The arch index: a useful measure from footprints. J. Biomech. 20(5):547\u2013551, 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90255-7.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4300_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8","volume":"77","author":"BC Russell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Russell, B. C., A. Torralba, K. P. Murphy, and W. T. Freeman. LabelMe: a database and web-based tool for image annotation. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 77(1\u20133):157\u2013173, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8.","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"4300_CR44","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation. Python language reference, version 3.12.3. Available from: http:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"4300_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.10.009","volume":"28","author":"P Lundgren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lundgren, P., C. Nester, A. Liu, A. Arndt, R. Jones, A. Stacoff, et al. Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking. Gait Posture. 28(1):93\u2013100, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.10.009.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"4300_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bolles, R. C., and  M. A. Fischler. A RANSAC-based approach to model fitting and its application to finding cylinders in range data. In: Proc 7th Int Joint Conf Artif Intell (IJCAI), 1981, pp. 637\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/1623264.1623272.","DOI":"10.5555\/1623264.1623272"},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131387","volume":"10","author":"C Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, C., K. Chou, M. Chung, K. S. Chuang, and T. Huang. Automatic detection of calcaneal-fifth metatarsal angle using radiograph: a computer-aided diagnosis of flat foot for military new recruits in Taiwan. PLoS One.10(6):e0131387, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131387.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"4300_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459818","volume":"40","author":"KDD Willis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willis, K. D. D., Y. Pu, J. Luo, H. Chu, T. Du, J. G. Lambourne, et al. Fusion 360 gallery: a dataset and environment for programmatic CAD construction from human design sequences. ACM Trans. Graph. 40(4):1\u201324, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450626.3459818.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph"},{"key":"4300_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.09.027","volume":"65","author":"R Suzuki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suzuki, R., K. Ito, T. Lee, and N. Ogihara. Parameter identification of hyperelastic material properties of the heel pad based on an analytical contact mechanics model of a spherical indentation. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 65:753\u2013760, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.09.027.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"4300_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107119","volume":"170","author":"Y Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim, Y., L. Quagliato, O. R. Hassan, B. Kang, S. Jung, Y. Kim, et al. Identification of heel pad thickness and visco-hyperelastic properties by finite element analysis and Gaussian process regression. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.170:107119, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107119.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00080-9","volume":"18","author":"W Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen, W., C. Ju, and F. Tang. Effects of total contact insoles on the plantar stress redistribution: a finite element analysis. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol). 18(6):S17\u2013S24, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00080-9.","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)"},{"key":"4300_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199803000-00038","volume":"348","author":"KA Athanasiou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Athanasiou, K. A., G. T. Liu, L. A. Lavery, D. R. Lanctot, and R. C. J. Schenck. Biomechanical topography of human articular cartilage in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 348:269\u2013281, 1998.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078800800502","volume":"8","author":"S Siegler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Siegler, S., J. Block, and C. D. Schneck. The mechanical characteristics of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint. Foot Ankle. 8(5):234\u2013242, 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110078800800502.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"10","key":"4300_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401501007","volume":"15","author":"HB Kitaoka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kitaoka, H. B., Z. P. Luo, E. S. Growney, L. J. Berglund, and K. An. Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis. Foot Ankle Int. 15(10):557\u2013560, 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079401501007.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00006-7","volume":"30","author":"D Lemmon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lemmon, D., T. Y. Shiang, A. Hashmi, J. S. Ulbrecht, and P. R. Cavanagh. The effect of insoles in therapeutic footwear\u2014A finite element approach. J. Biomech. 30(6):615\u2013620, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00006-7.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00242-1","volume":"35","author":"A Gefen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gefen, A. Stress analysis of the standing foot following surgical plantar fascia release. J. Biomech. 35(5):629\u2013637, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00242-1.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"4300_CR57","first-page":"134","volume":"72","author":"GS Lewis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewis, G. S. Computational modeling of the mechanics of flatfoot deformity and its surgical corrections. Dissert. Abs. Int. 72:134, 2008.","journal-title":"Dissert. Abs. Int."},{"key":"4300_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103470","volume":"102","author":"T Negishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negishi, T., K. Ito, A. Kamono, T. Lee, and N. Ogihara. Strain-rate dependence of viscous properties of the plantar soft tissue identified by a spherical indentation test. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.102:103470, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103470.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"4300_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04584-4","volume":"19","author":"C Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, C., H. Liu, M. Li, H. Li, and C. Pan. Biomechanical effects of Evans versus Hintermann osteotomy for treating adult acquired flatfoot deformity: a patient-specific finite element investigation. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 19:107, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-024-04584-4.","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"4300_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2025.2499620","author":"Y Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Y. Sun, S. Zhang, M. Kwan, K. Yick, and B. Gu. Numerical evaluations of different foot arch types: effects of loading on plantar pressure distribution and bone stress. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2025.2499620.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4300_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.06.020","volume":"98","author":"H Yum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yum, H., S. Y. Eom, Y. Lee, J. Kim, J. Lee, J. C. Teoh, et al. Investigation of the relationship between localized cumulative stress and plantar tissue stiffness in healthy individuals using the in-vivo indentation technique. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 98:157\u2013162, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.06.020.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"4300_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.02.009","volume":"40","author":"WR Ledoux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ledoux, W. R., and J. J. Blevins. The compressive material properties of the plantar soft tissue. J. Biomech. 40(13):2975\u20132981, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.02.009.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.02.018","volume":"32","author":"AN Natali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Natali, A. N., C. G. Fontanella, and E. L. Carniel. Constitutive formulation and analysis of heel pad tissues mechanics. Med. Eng. Phys. 32(5):516\u2013522, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.02.018.","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"4300_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092690","volume":"49","author":"PO McKeon","year":"2015","unstructured":"McKeon, P. O., J. Hertel, D. Bramble, and I. Davis. The foot core system: a new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Br. J. Sports Med. 49(5):290, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092690.","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"4300_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2003.10.003","volume":"42","author":"P Fiolkowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fiolkowski, P., D. Brunt, M. Bishop, R. Woo, and M. Horodyski. Intrinsic pedal musculature support of the medial longitudinal arch: an electromyography study. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 42(6):327\u2013333, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2003.10.003.","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"15","key":"4300_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.3390\/math9151719","volume":"9","author":"MAM Bocanegra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bocanegra, M. A. M., J. B. L\u00f3pez, A. Vidal-Lesso, and A. M. Tobar. Numerical assessment of the structural effects of relative sliding between tissues in a finite element model of the foot. Mathematics. 9(15):1719, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9151719.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"4300_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.106006","volume":"106","author":"H Talbott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talbott, H., S. Jha, A. Gulati, C. Brockett, J. Mangwani, and E. C. Pegg. Clinically useful finite element models of the natural ankle \u2013 A review. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol).106:106006, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.106006.","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)"},{"issue":"12","key":"4300_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.033","volume":"47","author":"JC Teoh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teoh, J. C., V. P. W. Shim, and T. Lee. Quantification of plantar soft tissue changes due to aging in various metatarsophalangeal joint angles with realistic tissue deformation. J. Biomech. 47(12):3043\u20133049, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.033.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"4300_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71025-x","volume":"14","author":"X Ning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ning, X., T. Ru, J. Zhu, L. Wu, L. Chen, X. Ma, et al. Deep learning-assisted segmentation of X-ray images for rapid and accurate assessment of foot arch morphology and plantar soft tissue thickness. Sci. Rep. 14(1):20028, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71025-x.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:59:57Z","timestamp":1786384797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["4300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04300-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Youngbin Lim is employed by SIMULIA, Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Korea. Gu-Hee Jung is affiliated with Planner.surgery Co. These authors contributed to this study in their individual technical or clinical capacities, as described in the Author Contributions section. Neither Dassault Syst\u00e8mes nor Planner.surgery Co. provided funding, software licenses, license discounts, consulting fees, data ownership, financial support, or in-kind support for this study. Neither company had any role in the study design, data analysis, interpretation of results, manuscript preparation, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The Abaqus software used in this study was independently purchased and owned by the Biomechanics and Materials Laboratory under a standard academic license agreement, unrelated to the co-author\u2019s employment. The manuscript does not endorse, recommend, or promote Abaqus or any other commercial product of Dassault Syst\u00e8mes or Planner.surgery Co. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}