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The study aims to explore the distinct involvement of working memory and inhibition during gait within a dual-task using 3D motion analysis and wireless electroencephalography (EEG), addressing limitations of previous research on the removal of gait-related artifacts from EEG signals and the EEG results\u2019 generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>30 healthy participants performed two cognitive tasks designed to engage inhibition (Go-NoGo) and working memory (N-Back). Data acquisition was performed using a 19-channel wireless EEG device and a 3D optoelectronic system. 51 EEG features, seven spatial-temporal and nine kinematic parameters (seven spatiotemporal metrics and Gait Variable Scores for nine lower-limb joint ranges of motion) were analyzed. Riemannian geometry-based methods were employed to enhance artifact removal from EEG signals and to improve the EEG results\u2019 generalizability across subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gait analysis highlighted a predominant involvement of inhibition (p\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.048 for the most of spatial-temporal parameters and p\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.005 for GPS and GVS of Hip Flex-Extension among the kinematic parameters), whereas working memory engagement emerged mainly in response to higher cognitive demands (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037 for mostly spatial-temporal parameters and p\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.003 for GPS and GVS of Hip Flex-Extension among the kinetic parameters). Relative alpha desynchronization at F4 and at F3 emerged as candidate sensor-level EEG biomarkers of working memory- and inhibitory-related processes (p\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      5\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\times 10^{-5}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:msup>\n                                <mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                                  <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                                <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <\/mml:msup>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      ) in the earlobe-reference configuration. A cross-domain mixed-effects analysis further showed that, among the tested EEG\u2013gait associations, relative alpha power at F3 during the Go-NoGo task was significantly associated with stride length in the earlobe-reference configuration, suggesting that this sensor-level EEG feature may represent a candidate marker for monitoring the interaction between inhibitory control and gait adaptation during dual-task walking.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study supports EEG-based monitoring of cognitive processes during walking and aids the design of tailored cognitive rehabilitation for motor-impaired individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04311-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T12:56:43Z","timestamp":1786107403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Executive Function Assessment Through Wireless EEG and Gait Monitoring During Cognitive-Motor Dual Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra","family":"Fullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Arpaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro Ivan","family":"De Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1035-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Moccaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Congedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"De Blasiis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","volume":"64","author":"A Diamond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diamond, A. 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