{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:09:38Z","timestamp":1792184978092,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMXS0118067395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMXS0118067395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004721","name":"The University of Tokyo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While magnetocardiography (MCG) is a non-invasive tool for assessing cardiac electrophysiology, its conventional planar sensor array often struggles to accurately estimate sources distant from the sensor. This limitation hinders the precise localization of deep cardiac activity. This study aims to overcome this challenge by investigating a novel cylindrical sensor array designed to improve source current estimation accuracy. We combined numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and in vivo rat experiments to compare a cylindrical sensor array with a conventional planar array. Single dipole localization was used in the simulation and phantom experiments under controlled focal source conditions, whereas both single-dipole fitting and minimum norm estimation (MNE)-based distributed source analyses were applied to the animal MCG data. The simulations and phantom measurements showed that the cylindrical array achieved more accurate single-dipole localization than the planar array under comparable sensor\u2013source distance conditions. In the animal experiments, this advantage was not clearly observed using single-dipole fitting. The MNE-based distributed source analysis showed geometry-dependent reconstruction patterns, with the cylindrical array producing more posteriorly distributed activity and higher source map repeatability. The cylindrical sensor array provided complementary spatial information to anterior planar sampling, particularly for deeper or posterior cardiac activity. These findings suggest that surrounding sensor coverage may provide complementary information for MCG-based reconstruction, although further validation with realistic activation models remains necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:41:59Z","timestamp":1787920919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing Current-Source Imaging in Magnetocardiography: The Impact of Sensor Array Configuration"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motofumi","family":"Fushimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Chikaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Sekino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160999","volume":"11","author":"EAP Alday","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alday, E. A. P., H. Ni, C. Zhang, M. A. Colman, Z. Gan, and H. Zhang. Comparison of electric- and magnetic-cardiograms produced by myocardial ischemia in models of the human ventricle and torso. PLoS ONE.11:e0160999, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160999.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4343_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-180485","volume":"73","author":"E-S Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin, E.-S., J.-H. Chung, S. G. Park, A. Saleh, Y.-Y. Lam, J. Bhak, F. Jung, S. Morita, and J. Brachmann. Comparison of exercise electrocardiography and magnetocardiography for detection of coronary artery disease using ST-segment fluctuation score. CH. 73:283\u2013291, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CH-180485.","journal-title":"CH"},{"key":"4343_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eul070","volume":"8","author":"FE Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, F. E., P. Langley, P. van Leeuwen, B. Hailer, L. Trahms, U. Steinhoff, J. P. Bourke, and A. Murray. Comparison of magnetocardiography and electrocardiography: a study of automatic measurement of dispersion of ventricular repolarization. EP Europace. 8:887\u2013893, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eul070.","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"key":"4343_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.08.040","volume":"99","author":"KK McBride","year":"2010","unstructured":"McBride, K. K., B. J. Roth, V. Y. Sidorov, J. P. Wikswo, and F. J. Baudenbacher. Measurements of transmembrane potential and magnetic field at the apex of the heart. Biophys. J. 99:3113\u20133118, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.08.040.","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"4343_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/23\/7141","volume":"59","author":"V M\u00e4ntynen","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntynen, V., T. Konttila, and M. Stenroos. Investigations of sensitivity and resolution of ECG and MCG in a realistically shaped thorax model. Phys. Med. Biol. 59:7141, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/23\/7141.","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"4343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061569","volume":"20","author":"D Murzin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murzin, D., D. J. Mapps, K. Levada, V. Belyaev, A. Omelyanchik, L. Panina, and V. Rodionova. Ultrasensitive magnetic field sensors for biomedical applications. Sensors. 20:1569, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20061569.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"4343_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1109\/10.83565","volume":"38","author":"J Nenonen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nenonen, J., C. J. Purcell, B. M. Horacek, G. Stroink, and T. Katila. Magnetocardiographic functional localization using a current dipole in a realistic torso. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 38:658\u2013664, 1991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/10.83565.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4343_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-003-0453-4","volume":"99","author":"D Brisinda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brisinda, D., A. M. Meloni, and R. Fenici. Contactless magnetocardiographicstudy of ventricular repolarization in intact Wistar rats:Evidence of gender-related differences. Basic Res Cardiol. 99:193\u2013203, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00395-003-0453-4.","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"4343_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12879","volume":"26","author":"Z Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, Z., D. Jiang, and J. Yang. A method for magnetocardiography functional localization based on boundary element method and Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol.26:e12879, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anec.12879.","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"4343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physc.2012.02.044","volume":"477","author":"N Mariyappa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mariyappa, N., C. Parasakthi, S. Sengottuvel, K. Gireesan, R. Patel, M. P. Janawadkar, C. S. Sundar, and T. S. Radhakrishnan. Dipole location using SQUID based measurements: application to magnetocardiography. Physica C: Supercond. 477:15\u201319, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physc.2012.02.044.","journal-title":"Physica C: Supercond."},{"key":"4343_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H368","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01048.2005","volume":"291","author":"D Brisinda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brisinda, D., M. E. Caristo, and R. Fenici. Contactless magnetocardiographic mapping in anesthetized Wistar rats: evidence of age-related changes of cardiac electrical activity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291:H368\u2013H378, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01048.2005.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"4343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1987.325996","volume":"34","author":"B Jeffs","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jeffs, B., R. Leahy, and M. Singh. An evaluation of methods for neuromagnetic image reconstruction. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 34:713\u2013723, 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1987.325996.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4343_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2017.2728100","volume":"53","author":"W Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, W., and K. Kobayashi. Estimation of magnetocardiography current sources using reconstructed magnetic field data. IEEE Trans. Magn. 53:1\u20134, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMAG.2017.2728100.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"4343_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(69)90480-0","volume":"28","author":"J Dupont-Roc","year":"1969","unstructured":"Dupont-Roc, J., S. Haroche, and C. Cohen-Tannoudji. Detection of very weak magnetic fields (10\u20139gauss) by 87Rb zero-field level crossing resonances. Phys. Lett. A. 28:638\u2013639, 1969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0375-9601(69)90480-0.","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"4343_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1075","volume":"4","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor, J. M., P. Cappellaro, L. Childress, L. Jiang, D. Budker, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, R. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin. High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution. Nat. Phys. 4:810\u2013816, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nphys1075.","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"4343_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26147","volume":"555","author":"E Boto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boto, E., N. Holmes, J. Leggett, G. Roberts, V. Shah, S. S. Meyer, L. D. Mu\u00f1oz, K. J. Mullinger, T. M. Tierney, S. Bestmann, G. R. Barnes, R. Bowtell, and M. J. Brookes. Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system. Nature. 555:657\u2013661, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature26147.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4343_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-022-00978-0","volume":"5","author":"K Arai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arai, K., A. Kuwahata, D. Nishitani, I. Fujisaki, R. Matsuki, Y. Nishio, Z. Xin, X. Cao, Y. Hatano, S. Onoda, C. Shinei, M. Miyakawa, T. Taniguchi, M. Yamazaki, T. Teraji, T. Ohshima, M. Hatano, M. Sekino, and T. Iwasaki. Millimetre-scale magnetocardiography of living rats with thoracotomy. Commun. Phys. 5:1\u201310, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42005-022-00978-0.","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"4343_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84971-7","volume":"11","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Y., M. Xu, A. Liang, Y. Yin, X. Ma, Y. Gao, and X. Ning. A new wearable multichannel magnetocardiogram system with a SERF atomic magnetometer array. Sci. Rep. 11:5564, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-84971-7.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4343_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2015.05.003","volume":"31","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoshida, K., K. Ogata, T. Inaba, Y. Nakazawa, Y. Ito, I. Yamaguchi, A. Kandori, and K. Aonuma. Ability of magnetocardiography to detect regional dominant frequencies of atrial fibrillation. J. Arrhythm. 31:345\u2013351, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joa.2015.05.003.","journal-title":"J. Arrhythm."},{"key":"4343_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4534(02)00683-4","volume":"372\u2013376","author":"M Nalbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nalbach, M., and O. D\u00f6ssel. Comparison of sensor arrangements of MCG and ECG with respect to information content. Physica C: Supercond. 372\u2013376:254\u2013258, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-4534(02)00683-4.","journal-title":"Physica C: Supercond."},{"key":"4343_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Veen, B., M. Stenroos, and R. T. Wakai. Greedy optimization of sensor array geometry for magnetocardiographic source localization. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engineering 1\u201311, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2024.3524374","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2024.3524374"},{"key":"4343_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/32\/1\/004","volume":"32","author":"J Sarvas","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sarvas, J. Basic mathematical and electromagnetic concepts of the biomagnetic inverse problem. Phys. Med. Biol. 32:11\u201322, 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/32\/1\/004.","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"4343_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/8.1.37","volume":"8","author":"DA Brody","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brody, D. A., J. W. Cox, F. W. Keller, and J. R. Wennemark. Dipole ranging in isolated rabbit hearts before and after right bundle branch block. Cardiovasc. Res. 8:37\u201345, 1974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/8.1.37.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"4343_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1971.4502814","volume":"18","author":"FH Terry","year":"1971","unstructured":"Terry, F. H., D. A. Brody, C. O. Eddlemon, J. W. Cox, F. W. Keller, and H. A. Phillips. Dipole, Quadripole, and Octapole measurements in isolated beating heart preparations. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 18:139\u2013148, 1971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1971.4502814.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4343_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90407-3","volume":"83","author":"RM Arthur","year":"1972","unstructured":"Arthur, R. M., D. B. Geselowitz, S. A. Briller, and R. F. Trost. Quadrupole components of the human surface electrocardiogram. Am. Heart J. 83:663\u2013677, 1972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90407-3.","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"4343_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(73)80033-0","volume":"6","author":"RE Ideker","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ideker, R. E., D. A. Brody, J. W. Cox, and F. W. Keller. Examination of a multiple dipole inverse cardiac generator, based on accurately determined model data. J. Electrocardiol. 6:197\u2013209, 1973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0736(73)80033-0.","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"4343_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2099226","volume":"58","author":"L Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, L., K. C. L. Wong, H. Zhang, H. Liu, and P. Shi. Noninvasive computational imaging of cardiac electrophysiology for 3-D infarct. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 58:1033\u20131043, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2010.2099226.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4343_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wikswo, J. P. Biomagnetic sources and their models. In: Advances in biomagnetism, edited by S. J. Williamson, M. Hoke, G. Stroink, and M. Kotani. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989, pp. 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-0581-1_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0581-1_1"},{"key":"4343_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041369","volume":"26","author":"R Fenici","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fenici, R., M. Picerni, P. Fenici, and D. Brisinda. Progress in clinical magnetocardiography: the contactless breakthrough for noninvasive clinical detection of cardiac ischemia now needs worldwide standardization. Sensors. 26:1369, 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26041369.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"4343_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gianmarco, L., S. Anna Rita, F. Riccardo, and B. Donatella. Phantom Assessment of Unshielded Magnetocardiography Repeatability, Precision and Accuracy in Electric Sources Localization. Ann Heart 2, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36959\/652\/388","DOI":"10.36959\/652\/388"},{"key":"4343_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3379\/msjmag.1003R034","volume":"34","author":"M De Melis","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Melis, M., K. Tanaka, and Y. Uchikawa. Single and distributed dipole models analysis of cardiac source activation using MCG signals. J. Magn. Soc. Jpn. 34:453\u2013458, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3379\/msjmag.1003R034.","journal-title":"J. Magn. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"4343_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1970.1066765","volume":"6","author":"D Geselowitz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Geselowitz, D. On the magnetic field generated outside an inhomogeneous volume conductor by internal current sources. IEEE Trans. Magn. 6:346\u2013347, 1970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMAG.1970.1066765.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"4343_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/10.293220","volume":"41","author":"AS Ferguson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferguson, A. S., X. Zhang, and G. Stroink. A complete linear discretization for calculating the magnetic field using the boundary element method. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 41:455\u2013460, 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/10.293220.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4343_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/accc06","volume":"68","author":"W-J Yeo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeo, W.-J., E. Larson, J. Iivanainen, A. Borna, J. McKay, J. M. Stephen, P. D. D. Schwindt, and S. Taulu. Effects of head modeling errors on the spatial frequency representation of MEG. Phys. Med. Biol.68:095022, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/accc06.","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"4343_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.09.004","volume":"88","author":"M Stenroos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stenroos, M., V. M\u00e4ntynen, and J. Nenonen. A Matlab library for solving quasi-static volume conduction problems using the boundary element method. Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 88:256\u2013263, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.09.004.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed."},{"key":"4343_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.006","volume":"94","author":"M Stenroos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stenroos, M., A. Hunold, and J. Haueisen. Comparison of three-shell and simplified volume conductor models in magnetoencephalography. NeuroImage. 94:337\u2013348, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.006.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4343_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.711","volume":"54","author":"J Suzuki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Suzuki, J., H. Tsubone, and S. Sugano. Characteristics of ventricular activation and recovery patterns in the rat. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 54:711\u2013716, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.54.711.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"4343_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(71)80047-X","volume":"4","author":"RM Arthur","year":"1971","unstructured":"Arthur, R. M., D. B. Geselowitz, S. A. Briller, and R. F. Trost. The path of the electrical center of the human heart determined from surface electrocardiograms. J. Electrocardiol. 4:29\u201333, 1971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0736(71)80047-X.","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"4343_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ace497","volume":"68","author":"X Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, X., X. Xue, Y. Yang, X. Liang, Y. Gao, M. Xiang, J. Sun, and X. Ning. Magnetocardiography using optically pumped magnetometers array to detect acute myocardial infarction and premature ventricular contractions in dogs. Phys. Med. Biol.68:165006, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ace497.","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"4343_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2010.2094994","volume":"21","author":"I-S Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, I.-S., H. Kwon, S. Ahn, and J.-H. Song. Measurement of rat magnetocardiograms by using a high-T\\rm C SQUID magnetometer system. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21:497\u2013500, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASC.2010.2094994.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"4343_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.5.3.291","volume":"5","author":"R Fenici","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fenici, R., D. Brisinda, and A. M. Meloni. Clinical application of magnetocardiography. Exp. Rev. Mol. Diagn. 5:291\u2013313, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737159.5.3.291.","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"4343_CR42","unstructured":"Arthur, R. M. Forward and inverse electrocardiographic errors caused by reducing the full-body surface to a torso model. Int. J. Bioelectromagn. 23:1\u20138, 2021. https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/plink\/4ef87df0-5715-368a-b3d7-db6e428bae53"}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:42:00Z","timestamp":1787920920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["4343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-026-04343-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Approval Number: A2023E038).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}