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This study used a multi-step analytical approach to estimate head impact speeds from various fall heights while factoring in energy reduction due to FIMMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory drop tests established peak linear accelerations (PLAs) and head injury criterion (HIC) values across a range of impact velocities. These PLA\/HIC values were then input into skull fracture risk curves to establish the risk of skull fracture at various head impact speeds. At matched levels of risk, a risk curve relating real-world fall height to skull fracture risk was used to estimate the fall heights associated with different head impact velocities. A worst-case head impact velocity representing a direct, head-first fall without FIMMs was calculated using basic energy assumptions from the specified fall height. FIMMs were quantified as the percent reduction in the worst-case velocity from a given fall height to the laboratory head impact velocity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FIMMs may reduce head impact velocity by 44.5\u201364.4% compared to a head-first impact without FIMMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate safety helmets under realistic impact conditions, lab-based head impact velocities should be reduced by 44.5\u201364.4% from the worst-case velocity to account for a population-level estimate energy reduction associated with FIMMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04353-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:59:05Z","timestamp":1790773145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relating Real-World Falls to Laboratory Test Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Susanna M.","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole E.-P.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Rowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2014-041323","volume":"21","author":"S Konda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Konda, S., A. 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