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Here, we develop image-based finite element models (FEMs) to estimate vertebral stress\u2013growth relationships under prescribed loading conditions using a porcine model of spine deformity induced mechanically via a posterolateral tether, assuming that, after initial tether-induced elastic deformation, subsequent deformity develops solely from vertebral endochondral growth against the tether and elastic anatomical structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Image-based FEMs were generated to simulate juvenile Yorkshire pigs instrumented with a posterolateral tether implant which applied asymmetric force across the spine. FEM growth parameters were calibrated to best match\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      data using landmark points obtained from 3D imaging for each pig.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asymmetric stresses generated by loading of the posterolateral offset cable produced multi-planar spine deformity. Calibrated FEMs achieved moderate agreement with frontal plane projections of the deformity: Cobb angle (MAE\u2009=\u20094.6\u20138.5\u00b0 across all pigs and timepoints) and anatomic landmark point correspondence (MAE\u2009=\u20092.1\u20132.9 mm), but sagittal plane agreement was more limited, partly attributable to variability in positioning during imaging. FEM-derived vertebral body growth rates were reduced for vertebrae along the concavity of the deformity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Image-based FEMs estimated vertebral stress\u2013growth relationships and reproduced deformity with comparable Cobb angle error to an existing parametric FE model (current 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\u00b0 vs. reported\u2009~\u20092.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u00b0 in a single-pig matched comparison) with realistic baseline IVD stresses (current\u2009~\u20090.45 MPa vs. reported 0.48 MPa in the growth plate). With expanded validation, such models may support preclinical evaluation of implant designs and surgical configurations prior to\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-026-04403-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:42:00Z","timestamp":1791297720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scoliosis Induction in the Porcine Spine Using a Growth-Modulating Posterior Tether: Finite Element Model Development and Calibration"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian R.","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattan R.","family":"Orbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward J.","family":"Vresilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Schaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7129-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sriram","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200303000-00001","author":"RM Campbell Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campbell, R. 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