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The familial form results from loss-of-function variants in the\n                    <jats:italic>CCM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>CCM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Despite a better understanding of CCM pathogenesis in recent years, it is still unclear why\n                    <jats:italic>CCM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations often lead to a more aggressive phenotype than\n                    <jats:italic>CCM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants. By combining high-throughput differentiation of blood vessel organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with a\n                    <jats:italic>CCM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>CCM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout, single-cell RNA sequencing, and high-content imaging, we uncovered both shared and distinct functions of the CCM proteins. While there was a significant overlap of differentially expressed genes in fibroblasts across all three knockout conditions, inactivation of\n                    <jats:italic>CCM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>CCM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    also led to specific gene expression patterns in neuronal, mesenchymal, and endothelial cell populations, respectively. Taking advantage of the different fluorescent labels of the hiPSCs, we could also visualize the abnormal expansion of\n                    <jats:italic>CCM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CCM3<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout cells when differentiated together with wild-type cells into mosaic blood vessel organoids. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout cells showed even reduced proliferation. These observations may help to explain the less severe clinical course in individuals with a pathogenic variant in\n                    <jats:italic>CCM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and to decode the molecular and cellular heterogeneity in CCM disease. Finally, the excellent scalability of blood vessel organoid differentiation in a 96-well format further supports their use in high-throughput drug discovery and other biomedical research studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-025-09985-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1749193249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["High-throughput differentiation of human blood vessel organoids reveals overlapping and distinct functions of the cerebral cavernous malformation proteins"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dariush","family":"Skowronek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin A.","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriia V.","family":"Saenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Mellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ribback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Weise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Claa\u00dfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiha","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Haerteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Bekeschus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif B.","family":"Ekici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Felbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx091","author":"H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim H, Jusue-Torres I, Kondziolka D, Cornelia Lee P, Morrison L, Rigamonti D, Rebeiz T, Tournier-Lasserve E, Waggoner D, Whitehead K (2017) Guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the angioma alliance scientific advisory board clinical experts panel. 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