{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1780916828671,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv in Health Sci Educ"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1780913954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reality as a pedagogical approach for critical reflection: a case study on learning about homelessness in health professions education"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Niki","family":"Soilis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivetha","family":"Thambinathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Bhanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francoise","family":"Filion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Claudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Anne","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2012.755877","volume":"16","author":"S. J. Ahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahn, S. J., Le, A. M. T., & Bailenson, J. (2013). The effect of embodied experiences on self-other merging, attitude, and helping behavior. Media Psychology, 16(1), 7\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213269.2012.755877","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10548_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444821993129","volume":"23","author":"T. Aitamurto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aitamurto, T., Won, A. S., & Zhou, S. (2021). Examining virtual reality for pro-social attitude change. new media & society. New Media and Society, 23(8), 2139\u20132143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444821993129","journal-title":"New Media and Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12276","volume":"53","author":"K. S. Astroth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astroth, K. S., et al. (2018). A qualitative exploration of nursing students\u2019 perceptions of the homeless and their care experiences. Nursing Forum, 53(4), 489\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nuf.12276","journal-title":"Nursing Forum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109","volume":"100","author":"T. P. Baggett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baggett, T. P., et al. (2010). The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(7), 1326\u20131333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10548_CR5","volume-title":"Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do","author":"J. Bailenson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bailenson, J. (2018). Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do. WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"10548_CR6","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Virtual embodiment of White people in a black virtual body leads to a sustained reduction in their implicit racial bias","author":"D. Banakou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Banakou, D., Hanumanthu, P. D., & Slater, M. (2016). Virtual embodiment of White people in a black virtual body leads to a sustained reduction in their implicit racial bias (Vol. 10, p. 601). Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR7","first-page":"544","volume":"13","author":"P. Baxter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544\u2013559.","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00322-2","volume":"9","author":"L. Beavers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beavers, L., et al. (2024). Using virtual reality simulation to address racism in a healthcare setting. Advances in Simulation, 9(1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-024-00322-2","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"key":"10548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326671","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00026","volume":"5","author":"P. Bertrand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertrand, P., et al. (2018). Learning empathy through virtual reality: Multiple strategies for training empathy-related abilities using body ownership illusions in embodied virtual reality. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 5, 326671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00026","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"10548_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bochenek, J. M., et al. (2024). Using virtual homelessness in a Global context as a Teaching strategy. Nurse Educator, 49(5), E296\u2013E297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001603","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001603"},{"key":"10548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boozary, A., Varner, C., & Laupacis, A. (2024). Homelessness is a health crisis: Why hospitals are resorting to building housing. CMAJ, 196(19), E666\u2013E667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.240649","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.240649"},{"key":"10548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyd, V. A., et al. (2022). Examining the impact of dialogic learning on critically reflective practice. Academic Medicine, 97(11S), S71\u2013S79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004916","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004916"},{"key":"10548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2","volume-title":"Thematic analysis: A practical guide","author":"V. Braun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3928\/00220124-20141120-02","volume":"46","author":"H. Breen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Breen, H., & Jones, M. (2015). Experiential learning: Using virtual simulation in an online RN-to-BSN program. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 46(1), 27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/00220124-20141120-02","journal-title":"Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing"},{"key":"10548_CR9","volume-title":"Learning critical reflection: Experiences of the transformative learning process","author":"L. B\u00e9res","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00e9res, L., & Fook, J. (2020a). Learning critical reflection: Experiences of the transformative learning process. Routledge."},{"key":"10548_CR10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Learning critical reflection, in learning critical reflection: Experiences of the transformative learning process","author":"L. B\u00e9res","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00e9res, L., & Fook, J. (2020b). Learning critical reflection, in learning critical reflection: Experiences of the transformative learning process (pp. 1\u201320). Routledge."},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/13691450902945215","volume":"12","author":"S. Brookfield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. (2009). The concept of critical reflection: Promises and contradictions. European Journal of Social Work, 12(3), 293\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691450902945215","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.7202\/1054410ar","volume":"7","author":"S. Brookfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. (2018). Transformative learning and the awareness of White supremacy. Phronesis, 7(3), 63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/1054410ar","journal-title":"Phronesis"},{"key":"10548_CR19","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. D. (2000). The concept of critically reflective practice. Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, 2, 33\u201349."},{"key":"10548_CR20","volume-title":"Becoming a critically reflective teacher","author":"S. D. Brookfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. D. (2017a). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"10548_CR21","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Uncovering hegemonic Assumptions, in Becoming a critically reflective teacher","author":"S. D. Brookfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. D. (2017b). Uncovering hegemonic Assumptions, in Becoming a critically reflective teacher (pp. 39\u201360). John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"10548_CR22","unstructured":"Burbules, N. C., & Berk, R. (1999). Critical thinking and critical pedagogy: Relations, differences, and limits. Critical Theories in Education: Changing Terrains of Knowledge and Politics, 1, 45\u201365"},{"key":"10548_CR23","volume-title":"The mind map book","author":"T. Buzan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buzan, T., & Buzan, B. (2006). The mind map book. Pearson Education."},{"key":"10548_CR24","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. (2014). Available from: Entry-to-practice Public health nursing competencies for undergraduate nursing Education. https:\/\/www.casn.ca\/2014\/12\/entry-practice-public-health-nursing-competencies-undergraduate-nursing-education\/"},{"key":"10548_CR25","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2024). Hospital data sheds light on patients experiencing homelessness. 2024 June 11. https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/hospital-data-sheds-light-on-patients-experiencing-homelessness"},{"key":"10548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Canham, S. L., et al. (2024). A scoping review of the experiences and outcomes of stigma and discrimination towards persons experiencing homelessness. Health and Social Care in the Community, 2024(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/2060619","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2060619"},{"key":"10548_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203496626","volume-title":"Becoming critical: Education knowledge and action research","author":"W. Carr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (2003). Becoming critical: Education knowledge and action research. Routledge."},{"issue":"12","key":"10548_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003559","volume":"95","author":"E. G. Castillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castillo, E. G., et al. (2020). Reconsidering systems-based practice: Advancing structural competency, health equity, and social responsibility in graduate medical education. Academic Medicine, 95(12), 1817\u20131822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003559","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20060801-08","volume":"45","author":"M. Chung-Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chung-Park, M., et al. (2006). RN-to-MSN students\u2019 attitudes toward women experiencing homelessness: A focus group study. The Journal of Nursing Education, 45(8), 317\u2013322.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nursing Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"10548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1234","volume":"306","author":"D. A. Cook","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cook, D. A., et al. (2011). Technology-enhanced simulation for health professions education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 306(9), 978\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1234","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12510","volume":"56","author":"D. J. Copeland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Copeland, D. J., Johnson, P., & Moore, B. (2021). Effects of a service-learning experience on health-related students\u2019 attitudes toward the homeless. Nursing Forum, 56(1), 45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nuf.12510","journal-title":"Nursing Forum"},{"key":"10548_CR32","volume-title":"Understanding and promoting transformative learning: A guide to theory and practice","author":"P. Cranton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cranton, P. (2016). Understanding and promoting transformative learning: A guide to theory and practice. Routledge."},{"key":"10548_CR33","volume-title":"Types of Qualitative research","author":"J. W. Creswell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W. (2015). Types of Qualitative research. Thousand Oaks."},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01264","volume":"209","author":"A. Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies, A., & Wood, L. J. (2018). Homeless health care: Meeting the challenges of providing primary care. The Medical Journal of Australia, 209(5), 230\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja17.01264","journal-title":"The Medical Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000690","volume":"18","author":"S. Daya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daya, S., et al. (2023). Using simulation to teach learners in health care behavioral skills related to diversity, equity, and inclusion: A scoping review. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 18(5), 312\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000690","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare"},{"key":"10548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2023.101440","volume":"83","author":"D. A. D\u00edaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, D. A., et al. (2023). The use of racial and ethnic health care disparities in simulation-based experiences: A systematic review. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 83, 83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2023.101440","journal-title":"Clinical Simulation in Nursing"},{"key":"10548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeBrew, J. K. (2023). Fostering Nursing students\u2019 growth in patient Teaching and empathy toward homeless people. Journal of Christian Nursing, 40(4), E54\u2013E58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CNJ.0000000000001113","DOI":"10.1097\/CNJ.0000000000001113"},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5","volume":"2","author":"P. Dieckmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dieckmann, P., Gaba, D., & Rall, M. (2007). Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 2(3), 183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072","volume":"10","author":"W. Eppich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eppich, W., & Cheng, A. (2015). Promoting excellence and reflective learning in simulation (PEARLS): Development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 10(2), 106\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00219-y","volume":"7","author":"W. Eppich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eppich, W., & Reedy, G. (2022). Advancing healthcare simulation research: Innovations in theory, methodology, and method. Advances in Simulation, 7(1), 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-022-00219-y","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180315539","volume":"2","author":"R. M. Fanning","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fanning, R. M., & Gaba, D. M. (2007). The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 2(2), 115\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180315539","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare"},{"issue":"177","key":"10548_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.20483","volume":"2023","author":"F. Finnegan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Finnegan, F. (2023). A many-splendored thing? Transformative learning for social justice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2023(177), 119\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ace.20483","journal-title":"New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education"},{"key":"10548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/fook20700","volume-title":"Transformative social work: Practices for academic settings","author":"J. Fook","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fook, J., & Jatlow, D. (2024). Transformative social work: Practices for academic settings. Columbia University Press."},{"key":"10548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.08.006","volume":"71","author":"C. Foronda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foronda, C., Jefferies, K., & Walshe, N. (2022). Teaching equity, diversity, and inclusion through simulation: A New science. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 71, 1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.08.006","journal-title":"Clinical Simulation in Nursing"},{"key":"10548_CR45","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"P. Freire","year":"1970","unstructured":"Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum."},{"key":"10548_CR46","unstructured":"Freire, P. (1974). Education for critical consciousness. New York, NY: Seabury Press."},{"issue":"9756","key":"10548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","volume":"376","author":"J. Frenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frenk, J., et al. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet, 376(9756), 1923\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10548_CR48","volume-title":"The state of homelessness in Canada 2014","author":"S. Gaetz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaetz, S., Gulliver, T., & Richter, T. (2014). The state of homelessness in Canada 2014. Canadian Homelessness Research Network."},{"key":"10548_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2018.01.001","volume":"29","author":"J. Gardner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gardner, J., & Emory, J. (2018). Changing students\u2019 perceptions of the homeless: A community service learning experience. Nurse education in practice. Nurse Education in Practice, 29, 133\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2018.01.001","journal-title":"Nurse Education in Practice"},{"key":"10548_CR50","unstructured":"Giroux, H. A. (1988). Teachers as intellectuals: Toward a critical pedagogy of learning. Bergin & Garvey."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2018.04.004","volume":"26","author":"E. Grech","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grech, E., & Raeburn, T. (2019). Experiences of hospitalised homeless adults and their health care providers in OECD nations: A literature review. Collegian, 26(1), 204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colegn.2018.04.004","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-016-0324-Y","volume":"6","author":"M. Halman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Halman, M., Baker, L., & Ng, S. (2017). Using critical consciousness to inform health professions education: A literature review. Perspectives on Medical Education, 6(1), 12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40037-016-0324-Y","journal-title":"Perspectives on Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-023-10207-0","volume":"28","author":"A. Hansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hansen, A., et al. (2023). Understandings and practices: Towards socially responsive curricula for the health professions. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 28(4), 1131\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10207-0","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15566","volume":"59","author":"A. Hansen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hansen, A., van Schalkwyk, S. C., & Jacobs, C. (2024). When I say \u2026 social responsiveness. Medical Education, 59(1), 22.","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrera, F., et al. (2018). Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLoS One, 13(10), e0204494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494"},{"key":"10548_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14321\/jj.4303808","volume-title":"Transformative civic education in democratic societies","author":"T. Hoggan-Kloubert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoggan-Kloubert, T., Mabrey, P. E., & Hoggan, C. (2023). Transformative civic education in democratic societies. Michigan State University Press: East Lansing."},{"key":"10548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S., et al. (2023). Equity, diversity and inclusion in clinical simulation healthcare education and training: An integrative review. International Journal of Healthcare Simulation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54531\/brqt3477","DOI":"10.54531\/brqt3477"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.14426\/cristal.v8i2.272","volume":"8","author":"C. Jacobs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobs, C., et al. (2020). Advancing a social justice agenda in health professions education. Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning, 8(2), 112\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14426\/cristal.v8i2.272","journal-title":"Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10548_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2022.2111207","volume":"27","author":"C. Jacobs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacobs, C., & Schalkwyk, S. V. (2022). What knowledge matters in health professions education? Teaching in Higher Education, 27(8), 1068\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13562517.2022.2111207","journal-title":"Teaching in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181e07d66","volume":"198","author":"S. S. Kalyanaraman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalyanaraman, S. S., et al. (2010). The virtual doppelganger: Effects of a virtual reality simulator on perceptions of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 437\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181e07d66","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"10548_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantayya, V. S., Hawkins, A. O., & Koon, A. D. (2014). Homelessness and physical health in the United States. In D.H. Howard (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society (pp.1180-1185). Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118410868.wbehibs281"},{"key":"10548_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemmis, S., & Smith, T. J. (2008). Enabling praxis: Challenges for education (Vol. 1). Brill, Leiden.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789087903275_002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00124","volume":"21","author":"K. Kilteni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kilteni, K., Groten, R., & Slater, M. (2012). The sense of embodiment in virtual Reality. Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 21(4), 373\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/PRES_a_00124","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/14623940600837319","volume":"7","author":"E. A. Kinsella","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinsella, E. A. (2006). Constructivist underpinnings in Donald Sch\u00f6n\u2019s theory of reflective practice: Echoes of Nelson Goodman. Reflective Practice, 7(3), 277\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14623940600837319","journal-title":"Reflective Practice"},{"key":"10548_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinsella, E. A. (2012). Practitioner reflection and judgement as phronesis: A continuum of reflection and considerations for phronetic judgement. In Phronesis as professional knowledge: Practical wisdom in the professions (pp. 35\u201352). SensePublishers Rotterdam.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6091-731-8_3"},{"issue":"10","key":"10548_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.01959.x","volume":"38","author":"R. L. Kneebone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kneebone, R. L., et al. (2004). Simulation and clinical practice: Strengthening the relationship. Medical Education, 38(10), 1095\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.01959.x","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"10548_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000234","volume":"89","author":"A. K. Kumagai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumagai, A. K. (2014). From competencies to human interests: Ways of knowing and understanding in medical education. Academic Medicine, 89(7), 978\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000234","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004588","volume":"97","author":"A. K. Kumagai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumagai, A. K. (2022). Discomfort, doubt, and the edge of learning. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 97(5), 649\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004588","journal-title":"Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges"},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181a42398","volume":"84","author":"A. K. Kumagai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumagai, A. K., & Lypson, M. L. (2009). Beyond cultural competence: Critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education. Academic Medicine, 84(6), 782\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181a42398","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"10548_CR70","volume-title":"Dialogues across difference: Teaching for social justice and inclusion in health professions education","author":"A. K. Kumagai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumagai, A. K., & Najeeb, U. (2024). Dialogues across difference: Teaching for social justice and inclusion in health professions education. Medical education."},{"key":"10548_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyaw, B. M., et al. (2019). Virtual reality for health professions education: Systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(1), e12959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/12959","DOI":"10.2196\/12959"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15591","volume":"79","author":"J. J. Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, J. J., Jagasia, E., & Wilson, P. R. (2023). Addressing health disparities of individuals experiencing homelessness in the U.S. with community institutional partnerships: An integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 79(5), 1678\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15591","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20110415-03","volume":"50","author":"K. M. Loewenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loewenson, K. M., & Hunt, R. J. (2011). Transforming attitudes of nursing students: Evaluating a service-learning experience. The Journal of Nursing Education, 50(6), 345\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01484834-20110415-03","journal-title":"The Journal of Nursing Education"},{"key":"10548_CR74","volume-title":"Embodiment and professional education: Body, practice, pedagogy","author":"S. Loftus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loftus, S., & Kinsella, E. A. (2022). Embodiment and professional education: Body, practice, pedagogy (Vol. 8). Springer Nature."},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003059","volume":"95","author":"A. Manca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manca, A., et al. (2020). Honoring Medicine\u2019s social contract: A scoping review of critical consciousness in Medical education. Academic Medicine, 95(6), 958\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003059","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"10548_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103044","volume":"52","author":"S.-L. Marja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marja, S.-L., & Suvi, A. (2021). Cultural competence learning of the health care students using simulation pedagogy: An integrative review. Nurse Education in Practice, 52, 103044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103044","journal-title":"Nurse Education in Practice"},{"key":"10548_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.03.009","volume":"42","author":"D. M. Markowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markowitz, D. M., & Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Virtual reality and the psychology of climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.03.009","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"10548_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02364","volume":"9","author":"D. M. Markowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Markowitz, D. M., et al. (2018). Immersive virtual reality field trips facilitate learning about climate change. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02364","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10548_CR79","unstructured":"Merriam, S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. In Jossey-bass education series (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"10548_CR80","unstructured":"Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. In Jossey-bass education series (Second ed.). Jossey-Bass Publishers."},{"key":"10548_CR81","volume-title":"Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation","author":"S. B. Merriam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"10548_CR82","unstructured":"Meta. (2020). Available from: We live here [VR experience]. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/experiences\/we-live-here\/2537261906377373\/"},{"key":"10548_CR83","volume-title":"Fostering critical reflection in adulthood","author":"J. Mezirow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mezirow, J. (1990). Fostering critical reflection in adulthood. Jossey-Bass Publishers San Francisco."},{"key":"10548_CR84","unstructured":"Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. In Jossey-bass higher and adult education series (First ed.). Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-025-10432-9","volume":"31","author":"R. Molloy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Molloy, R., et al. (2025). Harnessing lived experience in health professions simulation-based education: A scoping review. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 31(1), 59\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-025-10432-9","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001019","volume":"91","author":"T. Naidu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naidu, T., & Kumagai, A. K. (2016). Troubling muddy waters: Problematizing reflective practice in Global Medical education. Academic Medicine, 91(3), 317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001019","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1470412920906259","volume":"19","author":"L. Nakamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakamura, L. (2020). Feeling good about feeling bad: Virtuous virtual reality and the automation of racial empathy. Journal of Visual Culture, 19(1), 47\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470412920906259","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Culture"},{"key":"10548_CR88","volume-title":"Key health inequalities in Canada: A national portrait: Executive summary","author":"P.-C. P. H. Network","year":"2018","unstructured":"Network, P.-C. P. H. (2018). Key health inequalities in Canada: A national portrait: Executive summary. Public Health Agency of Canada."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-025-00358-y","volume":"10","author":"A. Ng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ng, A., et al. (2025). Determining the severity and prevalence of cybersickness in virtual reality simulations in psychiatry. Advances in Simulation, 10(1), 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-025-00358-y","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1311673","volume":"33","author":"S. L. Ng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ng, S. L. (2012). Reflection and reflective practice: Creating knowledge through experience. Seminars in Hearing, 33(2), 117\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1311673","journal-title":"Seminars in Hearing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12680","volume":"49","author":"S. L. Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng, S. L., et al. (2015). Reclaiming a theoretical orientation to reflection in medical education research: A critical narrative review. Medical Education, 49(5), 461\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.12680","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14032","volume":"54","author":"S. L. Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng, S. L., et al. (2020). Critically reflective practice and its sources: A qualitative exploration. Medical Education, 54(4), 312\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.14032","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-022-10178-8","volume":"27","author":"S. L. Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng, S. L., et al. (2022a). Combining adaptive expertise and (critically) reflective practice to support the development of knowledge, skill, and Society. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 27(5), 1265\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-022-10178-8","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"10548_CR94","unstructured":"Ng, S. L., et al. (2022). Toward \u2018seeing\u2019critically: A Bayesian analysis of the impacts of a critical pedagogy. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 1\u201332."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14414","volume":"55","author":"S. L. Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, S. L., Rowland, P., & Kinsella, E. A. (2021). Emancipatory knowledge and epistemic reflexivity: The knowledge and practice for change? Medical Education, 55(1), 8\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.14414","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2022.2064324","volume":"46","author":"A. Nikolaou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nikolaou, A., Schwabe, A., & Boomgaarden, H. (2022). Changing social attitudes with virtual reality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 46(1), 30\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23808985.2022.2064324","journal-title":"Annals of the International Communication Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12857","volume":"28","author":"P. Omerov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omerov, P., et al. (2020). Homeless persons\u2019 experiences of health-and social care: A systematic integrative review. Health and Social Care in the Community, 28(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Health and Social Care in the Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20210322-06","volume":"60","author":"A. S. Opalinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Opalinski, A. S., et al. (2021). Immersion experiences about homelessness and psychological processes of Nursing students: A Pilot study. The Journal of Nursing Education, 60(4), 216\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01484834-20210322-06","journal-title":"The Journal of Nursing Education"},{"key":"10548_CR99","volume-title":"Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice","author":"M. Q. Patton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (Fourth ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.","edition":"Fourth"},{"key":"10548_CR100","unstructured":"Pettit, K., et al. (2015). Identifying socioeconomic status bias using an interprofessional emergency medicine simulation. Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(5 SUPPL. 1), S62\u2013S63."},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2019-0036","volume":"6","author":"J. Pottle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pottle, J. (2019). Virtual reality and the transformation of medical education. Future Healthcare Journal, 6(3), 181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/fhj.2019-0036","journal-title":"Future Healthcare Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10548_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12675","volume":"71","author":"B. E. Rae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rae, B. E., & Rees, S. (2015). The perceptions of homeless people regarding their healthcare needs and experiences of receiving health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(9), 2096\u20132107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.12675","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2018.1532073","volume":"32","author":"E. J. Ramirez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramirez, E. J. (2018). Ecological and ethical issues in virtual reality research: A call for increased scrutiny. Philosophical Psychology, 32(2), 211\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2018.1532073","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10548_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-021-09594-y","volume":"23","author":"E. J. Ramirez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramirez, E. J., Elliott, M., & Milam, P.-E. (2021). What it\u2019s like to be a _____: Why it\u2019s (often) unethical to use VR as an empathy nudging tool. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 527\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-021-09594-y","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10548_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00256","volume":"21","author":"M.-A. Ramis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramis, M.-A., & Perrenoud, B. (2023). Educating future generations of health professionals: Looking back and moving forward. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 21(7), 1348\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-23-00256","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10548_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221086406","volume":"28","author":"G. Raz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raz, G. (2022). Rage against the empathy machine revisited: The ethics of empathy-related affordances of virtual reality. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 28(5), 1457\u20131475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13548565221086406","journal-title":"Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies"},{"key":"10548_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riches, S., et al. (2022). Virtual reality-based training for mental health staff: A novel approach to increase empathy, compassion, and subjective understanding of service user experience. Advances in Simulation, 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-022-00217-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00217-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"10548_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003615","volume":"95","author":"R. O. Roswell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roswell, R. O., et al. (2020). Cultivating empathy through virtual reality: Advancing conversations about racism, inequity, and climate in Medicine. Academic Medicine, 95(12), 1882\u20131886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003615","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"10548_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudolph, J. W., Simon, R., & Raemer, D. B. (2007). Which reality matters? Questions on the path to high engagement in healthcare simulation. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 2(3), LWW. 161\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0b013e31813d1035","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e31813d1035"},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13900","volume":"53","author":"A. Saxena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saxena, A. (2019). Transformative learning: Premise, promise and challenges. Medical Education, 53(6), 534\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.13900","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10548_CR111","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n, D. A. (1983). From technical rationality to reflection-in-action. In D.A. Sch\u00f6n, The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (pp. 21\u201369). New York, NY:Routledge."},{"key":"10548_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089006","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1089006","volume":"13","author":"S. Seinfeld","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seinfeld, S., et al. (2022). Editorial: Virtual reality and empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1089006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1089006","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10548_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2019.09.006","volume":"38","author":"J.-C. Servotte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Servotte, J.-C., et al. (2020). Virtual reality experience: Immersion, sense of presence, and cybersickness. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 38, 35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2019.09.006","journal-title":"Clinical Simulation in Nursing"},{"key":"10548_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105272","volume":"110","author":"S. Shahzad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahzad, S., Younas, A., & Ali, P. (2022). Social justice education in nursing: An integrative review of teaching and learning approaches and students\u2019 and educators\u2019 experiences. Nurse Education Today, 110, 105272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105272","journal-title":"Nurse Education Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"10548_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0102","volume":"25","author":"M. Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma, M. (2014). Developing an Integrated curriculum on the health of marginalized populations: Successes, challenges, and next steps. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 25(2), 663\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2014.0102","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001689","volume":"93","author":"M. Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Pinto, A. D., & Kumagai, A. K. (2018). Teaching the social determinants of health: A path to equity or a road to nowhere? Academic Medicine, 93(1), 25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001689","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10548_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2014.198","volume":"47","author":"M. Slater","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2014). Transcending the self in immersive virtual reality. Computer, 47(7), 24\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2014.198","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10548_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slater, P., et al. (2019). Virtual simulation training: Imaged experience of dementia. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 14(3), e12243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opn.12243","DOI":"10.1111\/opn.12243"},{"key":"10548_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.05.009","volume":"71","author":"B. Smallheer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smallheer, B., et al. (2022). A scoping review of the priority of diversity, inclusion, and equity in health care simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 71, 41\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.05.009","journal-title":"Clinical Simulation in Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00319-x","volume":"9","author":"N. Soilis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soilis, N., Bhanji, F., & Kinsella, E. A. (2024). Virtual reality simulation for facilitating critical reflection and transformative learning: Pedagogical, practical, and ethical considerations. Advances in Simulation, 9(1), 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-024-00319-x","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00320-4","volume":"9","author":"N. Soilis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soilis, N., et al. (2024). PEARLS debriefing for social justice and equity: Integrating health advocacy in simulation-based education. Advances in Simulation, 9(1), 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-024-00320-4","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"},{"key":"10548_CR122","volume-title":"The art of case study research","author":"R. E. Stake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage Publications."},{"key":"10548_CR123","volume-title":"Qualitative research: Studying how things work","author":"R. E. Stake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: Studying how things work. Guilford Press."},{"key":"10548_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526485168","volume-title":"Case study research: What, why and how?","author":"P. G. Swanborn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Swanborn, P. G. (2010). Case study research: What, why and how?. SAGE."},{"key":"10548_CR125","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The use of virtual reality to reduce mental health stigma among healthcare and non-healthcare students: A systematic review","author":"R. Szekely","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szekely, R., et al. (2023). The use of virtual reality to reduce mental health stigma among healthcare and non-healthcare students: A systematic review (pp. 1\u201318). Behaviour & Information Technology."},{"key":"10548_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangpaisarn, T., Phrampus, P. E., & O\u2019Donnell, J. M. (2025). Feedback and debriefing. In Navigating healthcare simulation: A practical Guide for effective teaching (pp. 63\u201366). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-81265-1_8"},{"key":"10548_CR127","volume-title":"The handbook of transformative learning: Theory, research, and practice","author":"E. W. Taylor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taylor, E. W., & Cranton, P. (2012). The handbook of transformative learning: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2015.1108198","volume":"28","author":"M. J. To","year":"2016","unstructured":"To, M. J., MacLeod, A., & Hwang, S. W. (2016). Homelessness in the Medical curriculum: An analysis of case-based learning content from one Canadian Medical School. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 28(1), 35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401334.2015.1108198","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning in Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10548_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410383121","volume":"16","author":"S. J. Tracy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight \u201cbig-tent\u201d criteria for excellent Qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077800410383121","journal-title":"Qualitative Inquiry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10548_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071294","volume":"177","author":"J. Turnbull","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turnbull, J., Muckle, W., & Masters, C. (2007). Homelessness and health. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 177(9), 1065\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.071294","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10548_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13804","volume":"53","author":"S. C. Van Schalkwyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Schalkwyk, S. C., et al. (2019). Transformative learning as pedagogy for the health professions: A scoping review. Medical Education, 53(6), 547\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.13804","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"10548_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15189","volume":"57","author":"B. S. Vipler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vipler, B. S., & Sawatsky, A. P. (2023). When I say\u2026 transformative learning. Medical Education, 57(12), 1184\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.15189","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10548_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000591","volume":"16","author":"S. Vora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vora, S., et al. (2021). Recommendations and guidelines for the use of simulation to address structural racism and implicit bias. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, 16(4), 275\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000591","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"10548_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12552","volume":"36","author":"J. J. Weber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weber, J. J. (2019). A systematic review of nurse-led interventions with populations experiencing homelessness. Public Health Nursing, 36(1), 96\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phn.12552","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing"},{"key":"10548_CR135","volume-title":"Case study research: Design and methods","author":"R. Yin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd edn ed.). Sage.","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"10548_CR136","volume-title":"Qualitative research from start to finish","author":"R. K. Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin, R. K. (2016). Qualitative research from start to finish. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"10548_CR137","volume-title":"Case study research and applications: Design and methods","author":"R. K. Yin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yin, R. K., Campbell, D. T., & Sage, P. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.","edition":"Sixth"},{"key":"10548_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeller, J., et al. (2024). The effect of simulation on attitudes and empathy related to persons experiencing homelessness among nursing students. Teaching & Learning in Nursing, 19(2), e320\u2013e323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.teln.2023.12.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teln.2023.12.007"},{"key":"10548_CR139","unstructured":"Zugic, K., & Kopanski, A. (2023). Implementation of simulation-based educational models to improve learner preparedness in social medicine. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 25(Supplement 1), S40."}],"container-title":["Advances in Health Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:19:43Z","timestamp":1780913983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":139,"alternative-id":["10548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-026-10548-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-4996","1573-1677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-4996","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Board of McGill University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (REB #A12-B123-22B). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent for the publication of anonymized and de-identified data included in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}