{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:22:20Z","timestamp":1793316140067,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T14:16:21Z","timestamp":1377094581000},"page":"2878-2892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Effectiveness of Structural-Level Needle\/Syringe Programs to Reduce HCV and HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abu S.","family":"Abdul-Quader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen S.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alya","family":"Briceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salaam","family":"Semaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail E.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don C.","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.6.1410","volume":"170","author":"JL Gerberding","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerberding JL. Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus among health care personnel at risk for blood exposure: final report from a longitudinal study. J Infect Dis. 1994;170(6):1410\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9651","key":"593_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Strathdee SA, Wodak A, Panda S, Tyndall M, Toufik A, Mattick RP, 2007 Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet. 2008;372(9651):1733\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"593_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn237","volume":"168","author":"H Hagan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hagan H, Pouget ER, Des Jarlais DC, Lelutiu-Weinberger C. Meta-regression of hepatitis C virus infection in relation to time since onset of illicit drug injection: the influence of time and place. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(10):1099\u2013109.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"593_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02888.x","volume":"105","author":"N Palmateer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Palmateer N, Kimber J, Hickman M, Hutchinson S, Rhodes T, Goldberg D. Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews. Addiction. 2010;105(5):844\u201359.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"593_CR5","unstructured":"Anderson E, Gans J, Shwayder P, Scofield J, Catizone C. HIV prevention and access to sterile syringes. National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta; 1999."},{"key":"593_CR6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Report on pharmacy sales of sterile syringes. Atlanta; 2005."},{"key":"593_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-2-10","volume":"2","author":"J Sheridan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sheridan J, Henderson C, Greenhill N, Smith A. Pharmacy-based needle exchange in New Zealand: a review of services. Harm Reduct J. 2005;2:10.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"Supp l","key":"593_CR8","first-page":"S102","volume":"18","author":"L Wright-Deaguero","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wright-Deaguero L, Weinstein B, Jones TS, Mills J. Impact of the change in Connecticut syringe prescription laws on pharmacy sales and pharmacy managers\u2019 practices. JAIDS. 1998;18(Supp l):S102\u201310.","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"key":"593_CR9","first-page":"73","volume":"10","author":"LA Valleroy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Valleroy LA, Weinstein B, Jones TS, Groseclose SL, Rolfs RT, Kassler WJ. Impact of increased legal access to needles and syringes on community pharmacies needle and syringe sales\u2014Connecticut, 1992\u20131993. JAIDS. 1995;10:73\u201381.","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"593_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050123855","volume":"12","author":"B Somaini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Somaini B, Wang J, Perozo M, Kuhn F, Meili D, Grob P, et al. A continuing concern: HIV and hepatitis testing and prevalence among drug users in substitution programmes in Zurich, Switzerland. AIDS Care. 2000;12(4):449\u201360.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"593_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1086\/651482","volume":"50","author":"D Vlahov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vlahov D, Robertson AM, Strathdee SA. Prevention of HIV infection among injection drug users in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Suppl 3):S114\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"593_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006001-00002","volume":"14","author":"E Sumartojo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sumartojo E. Structural factors in HIV prevention: concepts, examples, and implications for research. AIDS. 2000;14(Suppl 1):S3\u201310.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"593_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-005-9007-4","volume":"83","author":"KM Blankenship","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blankenship KM, Friedman SR, Dworkin S, Mantell JE. Structural interventions: concepts, challenges and opportunities for research. J Urban Health. 2006;83(1):59\u201372.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"593_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/0968763031000077733","volume":"10","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Lilly R, Lalam N, Giorgino E, Kemmesis UE, Ossebaard HC, et al. Risk factors associated with drug use: the importance of risk environment. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2003;10(4):303\u201329.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"593_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.024","volume":"61","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Singer M, Bourgois P, Friedman SR, Strathdee SA. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(5):1026\u201344.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"593_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.02.001","volume":"21","author":"L Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones L, Pickering L, Sumnall H, McVeigh J, Bellis MA. Optimal provision of needle and syringe programmes for injecting drug users: a systematic review. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(5):335\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"593_CR17","unstructured":"Wodak A, Cooney A. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV\/AIDS among injecting drug users. Evidence for Action Technical Papers.  Geneva: WHO; 2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"593_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9020-3","volume":"9","author":"LE Garu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garu LE, Bluthenthal RN, Marshall P, Singer M, Heimer R. Psychosocial and behavioral differences among drug injectors who use and do not use syringe exchange programs. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(4):495\u2013504.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"593_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.11.012","volume":"18","author":"M Sharma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma M, Burrows D, Bluthenthal R. Coverage of HIV prevention programmes for injection drug users: confusions, aspirations, definitions and ways forward. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18:92\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"593_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 5th ed. West Sussex: The Cochrane Collaboration and Wiley; 2008.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"3","key":"593_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000219788.73539.47","volume":"42","author":"P Vickerman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vickerman P, Hickman M, Rhodes T, Watts C. Model projections on the required coverage of syringe distribution to prevent HIV epidemics among injecting drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42(3):355\u201361.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"593_CR22","unstructured":"AIDS Information and Global Education System. AIDS information and global education system from http:\/\/www.aegis.com\/ 2011."},{"issue":"3","key":"593_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9349-x","volume":"12","author":"JA Denison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Denison JA, O\u2019Reilly KR, Schmid GP, Kennedy CE, Sweat MD. HIV voluntary counseling and testing and behavioral risk reduction in developing countries: a meta-analysis, 1990\u20132005. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(3):363\u201373.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"593_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-26","volume":"13","author":"CE Kennedy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kennedy CE, Spaulding AB, Brickley DB, Almers L, Mirjahangir J, Packel L, et al. Linking sexual and reproductive health and HIV interventions: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010;13:26.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"593_CR25","first-page":"95","volume":"1","author":"D Goldberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goldberg D, Cameron S, McMenamin J. Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users in Glasgow has fallen but remains high. Commun Dis Public Health. 1998;1(2):95\u20137.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540152029936","volume":"33","author":"D Goldberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldberg D, Burns S, Taylor A, Cameron S, Hargreaves D, Hutchinson S. Trends in HCV prevalence among injecting drug users in Glasgow and Edinburgh during the era of needle\/syringe exchange. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(6):457\u201361.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"593_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.7.434","volume":"53","author":"BP Smyth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smyth BP, Keenan E, O\u2019Connor JJ. Evaluation of the impact of Dublin\u2019s expanded harm reduction programme on prevalence of hepatitis C among short-term injecting drug users. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(7):434\u20135.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"593_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000176222.71355.a1","volume":"19","author":"VD Hope","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hope VD, Judd A, Hickman M, Sutton A, Stimson GV, Parry JV, et al. HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in England and Wales 1990 to 2003: evidence for increased transmission in recent years. AIDS. 2005;19(11):1207\u201314.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"593_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0755-4982(06)74772-8","volume":"35","author":"A Ramirez-Jonville","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramirez-Jonville A. Drug addiction: harm reduction policies in France and Spain. Presse Med. 2006;35(7\u20138):1151\u201361.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"593_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.2.97","volume":"18","author":"TM Hammett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hammett TM, Kling R, Johnston P, Liu W, Ngu D, Friedmann P, et al. Patterns of HIV prevalence and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users prior to and 24\u00a0months following implementation of cross-border HIV prevention interventions in northern Vietnam and southern China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;18(2):97\u2013115.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"593_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304705.79541.34","volume":"21","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2007","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Kling R, Hammett TM, Ngu D, Liu W, Chen Y, et al. Reducing HIV infection among new injecting drug users in the China-Vietnam Cross Border Project. AIDS. 2007;21(Suppl 8):S109\u201314.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"593_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.036517","volume":"95","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, Torian LV, Beatrice S, Milliken J, et al. HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: use of serologic test algorithm to assess expansion of HIV prevention services. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(8):1439\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"593_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c","volume":"19","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, Torian LV, Hagan H, Beatrice S, et al. Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990\u20132001. AIDS. 2005;19(Suppl 3):S20\u20135.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"593_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.159327","volume":"99","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2009","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, Hagan H, McKnight C, Perlman DC, Friedman SR. Persistence and change in disparities in HIV infection among injection drug users in New York City after large-scale syringe exchange programs. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(Suppl 2):S445\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"593_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.11.007","volume":"101","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2009","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Hagan H, Perlman D, Friedman SR. Using hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus-2 to track HIV among injecting drug users in New York City. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;101(1\u20132):88\u201391.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"593_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.028","volume":"109","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2010","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Hagan H, Perlman DC, Torian LV, et al. HIV infection during limited versus combined HIV prevention programs for IDUs in New York City: the importance of transmission behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;109(1\u20133):154\u201360.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"593_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.178467","volume":"100","author":"T Kerr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kerr T, Small W, Buchner C, Zhang R, Li K, Montaner J, et al. Syringe sharing and HIV incidence among injection drug users and increased access to sterile syringes. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(8):1449\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"593_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq479","volume":"173","author":"J Bruneau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bruneau J, Daniel M, Abrahamowicz M, Zang G, Lamothe F, Vincelette J. Trends in human immunodeficiency virus incidence and risk behavior among injection drug users in Montreal, Canada: a 16-year longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(9):1049\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834412cc","volume":"25","author":"L Topp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Topp L, Day CA, Iversen J, Wand H, Maher L. Fifteen years of HIV surveillance among people who inject drugs: the Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey 1995\u20132009. AIDS. 2011;25(6):835\u201342.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"593_CR40","unstructured":"Personal communication with Kerr on May 21 2010."},{"issue":"9052","key":"593_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05439-6","volume":"349","author":"P Lurie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lurie P, Drucker E. An opportunity lost: HIV infections associated with lack of a national needle-exchange programme in the USA. Lancet. 1997;349(9052):604\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"593_CR42","volume-title":"Practical guidelines for intensifying HIV prevention: towards universal access","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2007","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Practical guidelines for intensifying HIV prevention: towards universal access. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2007."},{"key":"593_CR43","unstructured":"GMHC. Syringe exchange programs around the world: the global context. P. Sean Cahill, and Nathan Schaefer, Gay Men\u2019s Health Crisis. http:\/\/www.gmhc.org\/files\/editor\/file\/gmhc_intl_seps.pdf 2009."},{"issue":"25","key":"593_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1013086","volume":"364","author":"S Zeuzem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, Lawitz E, Diago M, Roberts S, et al. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(25):2417\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9719","key":"593_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2","volume":"375","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, et al. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 2010;375(9719):1014\u201328.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1744172677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2013","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}