{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:31:22Z","timestamp":1786980682713,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-DP1-DA039542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-DP1-DA039542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012958","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Education Nationale, de la Formation professionnelle, de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IUT34-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT34-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1552708983000},"page":"2304-2314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Implementing an Updated \u201cBreak the Cycle\u201d Intervention to Reduce Initiating Persons into Injecting Drug Use in an Eastern European and a US \u201copioid epidemic\u201d Setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneli","family":"Uuskula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ave","family":"Talu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mait","family":"Raag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Arasteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greete","family":"Org","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Demarest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Tross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2467_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x","volume":"87","author":"M Gossop","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Strang J. Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines. Br J Addict. 1992;87(11):1527\u201336.","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.07.002","volume":"48","author":"P Mateu-Gelabert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mateu-Gelabert P, Guarino H, Jessell L, Teper A. Injection and sexual HIV\/HCV risk behaviors associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids among young adults in New York City. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;48(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2467_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.011","volume":"176","author":"CM Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones CM, Christensen A, Gladden RM. Increases in prescription opioid injection abuse among treatment admissions in the United States, 2004\u20132013. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;176:89\u201395.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"12","key":"2467_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14555","volume":"17","author":"KA Mack","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mack KA, Jones CM, Ballesteros MF. Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas\u2014United States. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(12):3241\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2467_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01950.x","volume":"87","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"1992","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Casriel C, Friedman SR, Rosenblum A. AIDS and the transition to illicit drug injection: results of a randomized trial prevention program. Br J Addiction. 1992;87:493\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Addiction."},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jth083","volume":"81","author":"D Vlahov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vlahov D, Fuller CM, Ompad DC, Galea S, Des Jarlais DC. Updating the infection risk reduction hierarchy: preventing transition into injection. J Urban Health. 2004;81(1):14\u20139.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-017-0192-8","volume":"95","author":"D Werb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Werb D, Bluthenthal RN, Kolla G, et al. Preventing injection drug use initiation: state of the evidence and opportunities for the future. J Urban Health. 2018;95(1):91\u20138.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"key":"2467_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-4-19","volume":"4","author":"M Kermode","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kermode M, Longleng V, Singh BC, Hocking J, Langkham B, Crofts N. My first time: initiation into injecting drug use in Manipur and Nagaland, north-east India. Harm Reduct J. 2007;4:19.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2467_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0693-8","volume":"18","author":"NK Rotondi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotondi NK, Strike C, Kolla G, et al. Transition to injection drug use: the role of initiators. AIDS Beh. 2014;18(3):486\u201394.","journal-title":"AIDS Beh."},{"issue":"2","key":"2467_CR10","first-page":"185","volume":"5","author":"N Hunt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunt N, Stillwell G, Taylor C, Griffiths P. Evaluation of a brief intervention to prevent initiation into injecting drugs. Drugs. 1998;5(2):185\u201394.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2467_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.004","volume":"137","author":"C Strike","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strike C, Rotondi M, Kolla G, et al. Interrupting the social processes linked with initiation of injection drug use: results from a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;137:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(02)90131-1","volume":"6","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uuskula A, Kalikova A, Zilmer K, Tammai L, DeHovitz J. The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2002;6(1):23\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2467_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdn014","volume":"30","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2008","unstructured":"Uuskula A, Kals M, Rajaleid K, et al. High-prevalence and high-estimated incidence of HIV infection among new injecting drug users in Estonia: need for large scale prevention programs. J Public Health (Oxf). 2008;30(2):119\u201325.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)."},{"key":"2467_CR14","unstructured":"EMCDDA. European drug report: trends and developments. Luxembourg: European Union: The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.940271","volume":"27","author":"A Uusk\u00fcla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uusk\u00fcla A, Des Jarlais DC, Raag M, Pinkerton SD, Feelemyer J. Combined prevention for persons who inject drugs in the HIV epidemic in a transitional country: the case of Tallinn, Estonia. AIDS Care. 2015;27(1):105\u201311.","journal-title":"AIDS Care."},{"key":"2467_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.11.002","volume":"24","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uuskula A, Rajaleid K, Talu A, Abel-Ollo K, Des Jarlais DC. A decline in the prevalence of injecting drug users in Estonia, 2005\u20132009. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24:312\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"2467_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.048","volume":"188","author":"A Uusk\u00fcla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uusk\u00fcla A, Barnes DM, Raag M, Talu A, Tross S, Des Jarlais DC. Frequency and factors associated with providing injection initiation assistance in Tallinn, Estonia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:64\u201370.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2467_CR18","volume-title":"Current population estimates","author":"NYC Department of Planning","year":"2017","unstructured":"NYC Department of Planning. Current population estimates. New York, NY: NYC Department of Planning; 2017."},{"key":"2467_CR19","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2010 Census Summary File 1: Population density by county. 2010."},{"key":"2467_CR20","unstructured":"NYC Department of Planning. DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics; 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, New York City and Boroughs 2016."},{"key":"2467_CR21","unstructured":"NYC Department of Planning. DP05: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates; 2015 American 812 Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, New York City and Boroughs 2016."},{"key":"2467_CR22","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths Involving Opioids in New York City, 2011\u20132014. EPI Data Tables, 66, 1\u20138. 2015; \n                    http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/epi\/datatable66.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"2467_CR23","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths Involving Opioids in New York City, 2011\u20132015. 2016; \n                    http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/epi\/datatable66.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"2467_CR24","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Predicting health behaviour","author":"A Luszczynska","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luszczynska A, Schwarzer R. Social cognitive theory. In: Conner M, Norman P, editors. Predicting health behaviour. California: University of California; 2005. p. 127\u201369."},{"key":"2467_CR25","volume-title":"Preventing AIDS: theory and practice of behavioral interventions","author":"A Bandura","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bandura A. Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In: Peterson J, DiClemente R, editors. Preventing AIDS: theory and practice of behavioral interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1993."},{"key":"2467_CR26","volume-title":"Motivational interviewing: helping people change","author":"WR Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: helping people change. New York: Guilford Press; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"2467_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","volume":"44","author":"D Heckathorn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Problems. 1997;44(2):174\u201399.","journal-title":"Soc Problems."},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014528612685","volume":"6","author":"D Heckathorn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heckathorn D, Semaan S, Broadhead RS, Hughes J. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18\u201325. AIDS Behav. 2002;6(1):55\u201367.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2467_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1086\/499436","volume":"193","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uuskula A, Heimer R, Dehovitz J, Fischer K, McNutt LA. Surveillance of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in an estonian injection drug-using population: sensitivity and specificity of testing syringes for public health surveillance. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(3):455\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2467_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207779949907","volume":"18","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uuskula A, McNutt LA, Dehovitz J, Fischer K, Heimer R. High prevalence of blood-borne virus infections and high-risk behaviour among injecting drug users in Tallinn, Estonia. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18(1):41\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2467_CR31","first-page":"6","volume":"654","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2006","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Perlis TE, Stimson GV, Poznyak V, Group WPIDICS. Using standardization methods for research on HIV and injecting drug use in developing\/transitional countries: case study from the WHO drug injection study phase II. BMC Public Health. 2006;654:6\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2467_CR32","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","author":"StataCorp.","year":"2015","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2015."},{"key":"2467_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison L, Hughes A. The validity of self-reported drug use: Improving the accuracy of survey estimates (NIH Publication No. 97-4147, NIDA Research Monograph 167). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1997.","DOI":"10.1037\/e495622006-001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2467_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.006","volume":"35","author":"LE Napper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Napper LE, Fisher DG, Johnson ME, Wood MM. The reliability and validity of drug users\u2019 self reports of amphetamine use among primarily heroin and cocaine users. Addict Behav. 2010;35(4):350\u20134.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"13","key":"2467_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1023456","volume":"50","author":"G Kolla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolla G, Strike C, Roy \u00c9, et al. Initiation stories: an examination of the narratives of people who assist with a first injection. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(13):1619\u201327.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2467_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.07.008","volume":"37","author":"LD Wenger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wenger LD, Lopez AM, Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN. Moral ambivalence and the decision to initiate others into injection drug use: a qualitative study in two California cities. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;37:42\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9033","key":"2467_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02536-6","volume":"348","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"1996","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Paone D, et al. HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes. Lancet. 1996;348(9033):987\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2467_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-517","volume":"11","author":"A Uuskula","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uuskula A, Des Jarlais DC, Kals M, et al. Expanded syringe exchange programs and reduced HIV infection among new injection drug users in Tallinn, Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:517.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2467_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(90)90031-K","volume":"7","author":"C Casriel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Casriel C, Des Jarlais DC, Rodriguez R, Friedman SR, Stepherson B, Khuri E. Working with heroin sniffers: clinical issues in preventing drug injection. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1990;7:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T08:05:58Z","timestamp":1589702758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02467-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"All authors have declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}