{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:56:33Z","timestamp":1780077393571,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA038886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA038886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-DA0251525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA0251525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSH 217672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSH 217672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSH 141971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSH 141971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSH 360816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSH 360816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIHR Foundation grant","award":["FDN-154320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-154320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T17:03:34Z","timestamp":1553792614000},"page":"3267-3276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Employment Cessation, Long Term Labour Market Engagement and HIV Infection Risk Among People Who Inject Drugs in an Urban Canadian Setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6376-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Mammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M-J","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2472_CR1","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Health","author":"M Bartley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bartley M, Ferrie J, Montgomery SM. Health and labour market disadvantage: unemployment, non-employment, and job insecurity. In: Wilkinson RG, Marmot M, editors. Social Determinants of Health, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2472_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.102103","volume":"65","author":"C Bambra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bambra C. Work, worklessness and the political economy of health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:746\u201350.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2472_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300475","volume":"102","author":"CB McLeod","year":"2012","unstructured":"McLeod CB, Lavis JN, MacNab YC, Hertzman C. Unemployment and mortality: a comparative study of Germany and the United States. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1542\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2472_CR4","unstructured":"Lundberg O, Dahl E, Fritzell J, Palme J, Sj\u00f6berg O. Social protection, income and health inequalities: final report from task group on GDP, Taxes, Income and Welfare. Review of Social Determinants and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region. 2016."},{"key":"2472_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1086\/320275","volume":"44","author":"S Raphael","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raphael S, Winter-Ebmer R. Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime. J Law Econ. 2001;44:259\u201383.","journal-title":"J Law Econ"},{"key":"2472_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.07.010","volume":"60","author":"K Jaffe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaffe K, Dong H, Godefroy A, et al. Informal recycling, income generation and risk: health and social harms among people who use drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;60:40\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205079","volume":"69","author":"LA Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson LA, Long C, DeBeck K, et al. Socioeconomic marginalisation in the structural production of vulnerability to violence among people who use illicit drugs. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:686\u201392.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2472_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.003","volume":"141","author":"L Ti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ti L, Richardson L, DeBeck K, et al. The impact of engagement in street-based income generation activities on stimulant drug use cessation among people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;141:58\u201364.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"18","key":"2472_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000853","volume":"29","author":"LA Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson LA, Kerr TH, Dobrer S, et al. Socioeconomic marginalization and plasma HIV-1 RNA nondetectability among individuals who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting. AIDS. 2015;29(18):2487\u201395.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2472_CR10","volume-title":"Employment and unemployment: a social-psychological analysis","author":"M Jahoda","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jahoda M. Employment and unemployment: a social-psychological analysis. Cambridge: CUP Archive; 1982."},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.4.324","volume":"6","author":"PA Creed","year":"2001","unstructured":"Creed PA, Macintyre SR. The relative effects of deprivation of the latent and manifest benefits of employment on the well-being of unemployed people. J Occup Health Psychol. 2001;6(4):324\u201331.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001","volume":"74","author":"KI Paul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paul KI, Moser K. Unemployment impairs mental health: meta-analyses. J Vocat Behav. 2009;74:264\u201382.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.014","volume":"72","author":"B Mandal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mandal B, Ayyagari P, Gallo WT. Job loss and depression: the role of subjective expectations. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(4):576\u201383.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2307\/1556388","volume":"43","author":"AJ Kinicki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kinicki AJ, Prussia GE, McKee-Ryan FM. A panel study of coping with involuntary job loss. Acad Manag J. 2000;43:90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.3.S131","volume":"55","author":"WT Gallo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gallo WT, Bradley EH, Siegel M, Kasl SV. Health effects of involuntary job loss among older workers: findings from the health and retirement survey. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000;55(3):S131\u201340.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0068-6","volume":"3","author":"C Margerison-Zilko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Margerison-Zilko C, Goldman-Mellor S, Falconi A, Downing J. Health impacts of the great recession: a critical review. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2016;3(1):81\u201391.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2012.03.001","volume":"31","author":"M Browning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Browning M, Heinesen E. Effect of job loss due to plant closure on mortality and hospitalization. J Health Econ. 2012;31(4):599\u2013616.","journal-title":"J Health Econ."},{"key":"2472_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1348\/096317910X519360","volume":"84","author":"E Selenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Selenko E, Batinic B, Paul K. Does latent deprivation lead to psychological distress? Investigating Jahoda\u2019s model in a four-wave study. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2011;84:723\u201340.","journal-title":"J Occup Organ Psychol."},{"key":"2472_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations\u20142016 Update. 2016."},{"issue":"9651","key":"2472_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, et al. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet. 2008;372(9651):1733\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2472_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001465","volume":"2","author":"E Jolley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jolley E, Rhodes T, Platt L, et al. HIV among people who inject drugs in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia: a systematic review with implications for policy. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e001465.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2472_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.03.006","volume":"24","author":"W Small","year":"2013","unstructured":"Small W, Maher L, Lawlor J, Wood E, Shannon K, Kerr T. Injection drug users\u2019 involvement in drug dealing in the downtown eastside of Vancouver: social organization and systemic violence. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24(5):479\u201387.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104010004","volume":"4","author":"D Henkel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henkel D. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990\u20132010). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4(1):4\u201327.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.12.008","volume":"43","author":"L Richardson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson L, Wood E, Montaner J, Kerr T. Addiction treatment-related employment barriers: the impact of methadone maintenance. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(3):276\u201384.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2472_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100100592","volume":"26","author":"JW Bray","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bray JW, Zarkin GA, Dennis ML, French MT. Symptoms of dependence, multiple substance use, and labor market outcomes. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:77\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2472_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2307\/1061598","volume":"68","author":"MT French","year":"2001","unstructured":"French MT, Roebuck MC, Alexandre PK. Illicit drug use, employment, and labor force participation. South Econ J. 2001;68:349\u201368.","journal-title":"South Econ J."},{"key":"2472_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202918","volume":"68","author":"LA Richardson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richardson LA, Milloy MJ, Kerr TH, Parashar S, Montaner JS, Wood E. Employment predicts decreased mortality among HIV-seropositive illicit drug users in a setting of universal HIV care. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68:93\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2472_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(03)00013-2","volume":"26","author":"LM Lundgren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lundgren LM, Schilling RF, Ferguson F, Davis K, Amodeo M. Examining drug treatment program entry of injection drug users: human capital and institutional disaffiliation. Eval Program Plann. 2003;26(2):123\u201332.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann."},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000088581","volume":"12","author":"JC March","year":"2006","unstructured":"March JC, Oviedo-Joekes E, Romero M. Drugs and social exclusion in ten European cities. Eur Addict Res. 2006;12(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00318-X","volume":"53","author":"P McDonough","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDonough P, Amick BC III. The social context of health selection: a longitudinal study of health and employment. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53(1):135\u201345.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20484-0","volume-title":"A life course perspective on health trajectories and transitions","author":"C Burton-Jeangros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burton-Jeangros C, Cullati S, Sacker A, Blane D. A life course perspective on health trajectories and transitions. Berlin: Springer; 2015."},{"key":"2472_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.051284","volume":"61","author":"M Hyde","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyde M, Jones IR. The long shadow of work\u2014does time since labour market exit affect the association between socioeconomic position and health in a post-working population. J Epidemiol Communtity Health. 2007;61:533\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Communtity Health"},{"key":"2472_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.10.015","volume":"76","author":"L Richardson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richardson L, Wood E, Kerr T. The impact of social, structural and physical environmental factors on transitions into employment among people who inject drugs. Soc Sci Med. 2013;76:126\u201333.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12344","volume":"38","author":"L Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson L, Small W, Kerr T. Pathways linking drug use and labour market trajectories: the role of catastrophic events. Sociol Health Illn. 2016;38:137\u201352.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"8","key":"2472_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F59","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199708000-00001","volume":"11","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Strathdee SA, Patrick DM, Currie SL, et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS. 1997;11(8):F59\u201365.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25011","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25011","volume":"20","author":"VD Lima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lima VD, St-Jean M, Rozada I, et al. Progress towards the United Nations 90\u201390-90 and 95\u201395-95 targets: the experience in British Columbia, Canada. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(3):e25011.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21941","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21941","volume":"20","author":"M Olding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olding M, Enns B, Panagiotoglou D, et al. A historical review of HIV prevention and care initiatives in British Columbia, Canada: 1996-2015. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21941.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc."},{"key":"2472_CR38","unstructured":"Government of Canada. EI Regular Benefits\u2014Overview. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/benefits\/ei\/ei-regular-benefit.html ."},{"key":"2472_CR39","unstructured":"Government of British Columbia. Income Assistance. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/family-social-supports\/income-assistance\/payment-dates ."},{"key":"2472_CR40","unstructured":"Tweddle A, Aldridge H. Welfare in Canada, 2017. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/maytree.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Welfare_in_Canada_2017.pdf ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR41","first-page":"405","volume":"165","author":"E Wood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, et al. Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: could safer injecting rooms help. CMAJ. 2001;165(4):405\u201310.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2472_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2012.00453.x","volume":"57","author":"S Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu S, Blomley N. Making news and making space: framing Vancouver\u2019s Downtown Eastside. Can Geogr. 2013;57:119\u201332.","journal-title":"Can Geogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2472_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e445","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00129-0","volume":"2","author":"K Ahamad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahamad K, Hayashi K, Nguyen P, et al. Effect of low-threshold methadone maintenance therapy for people who inject drugs on HIV incidence in Vancouver, BC, Canada: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(10):e445\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.10.004","volume":"12","author":"TA Corneil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Corneil TA, Kuyper LM, Shoveller J, et al. Unstable housing, associated risk behaviour, and increased risk for HIV infection among injection drug users. Health Place. 2006;12(1):79\u201385.","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"issue":"9","key":"2472_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.082054","volume":"181","author":"K DeBeck","year":"2009","unstructured":"DeBeck K, Kerr T, Li K, et al. Smoking of crack cocaine as a risk factor for HIV infection among people who use injection drugs. CMAJ. 2009;181(9):585\u20139.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2472_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.178467","volume":"100","author":"T Kerr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kerr T, Small W, Buchner C, et al. Syringe sharing and HIV incidence among injection drug users and increased access to sterile syringes. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(8):1449\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000948","volume":"30","author":"T Kerr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerr T, Shannon K, Ti L, et al. Sex work and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs. AIDS (London, England). 2016;30(4):627\u201334.","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2472_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.05.005","volume":"13","author":"B Maas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maas B, Fairbairn N, Kerr T, Li K, Montaner JSG, Wood E. Neighborhood and HIV infection among IDU: place of residence independently predicts HIV infection among a cohort of injection drug users. Health Place. 2007;13(2):432\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"key":"2472_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.06.014","volume":"18","author":"J Boyd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boyd J, Richardson L, Anderson S, Kerr T, Small W. McNeil R Transitions in income generation among marginalized people who use drugs: a qualitative study on recycling and vulnerability to violence. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;18:36\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2472_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500391795","volume":"41","author":"CL Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller CL, Kerr T, Frankish JC, et al. Binge drug use independently predicts HIV seroconversion among injection drug users: implications for public health strategies. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(2):199\u2013210.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000157006.28535.mL","volume":"40","author":"JM O\u2019Connell","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell JM, Kerr T, Li K, et al. Requiring help injecting independently predicts incident HIV infection among injection drug users. JJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40(1):83\u20138.","journal-title":"JJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00104-0","volume":"59","author":"JL Sorensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sorensen JL, Copeland AL. Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;59(1):17\u201331.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"2472_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00014","volume":"17","author":"MW Tyndall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tyndall MW, Currie S, Spittal P, et al. Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic. AIDS. 2003;17(6):887\u201393.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181caeb90","volume":"21","author":"AE Hubbard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hubbard AE, Ahern J, Fleischer NL, et al. To GEE or Not to GEE: comparing population average and mixed models for estimating the associations between neighborhood risk factors and health. Epidemiology. 2010;21(4):467\u201374.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"2472_CR55","volume-title":"Good jobs, bad jobs","author":"AL Kalleberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalleberg AL. Good jobs, bad jobs. New York: Russel Sage Foundation; 2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"2472_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2017.29.5.475","volume":"29","author":"LM Conyers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conyers LM, Richardson LA, Datti PA, Koch LC, Misrok M. A critical review of health, social, and prevention outcomes associated with employment for people living with HIV. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29(5):475\u201390.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"2472_CR57","first-page":"125","volume":"71","author":"S Schneider","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schneider S. Violence, organized crime, and illicit drug markets: a Canadian case study. Sociologia. 2013;71:125\u201343.","journal-title":"Sociologia."},{"key":"2472_CR58","unstructured":"Bungay VA. Health experiences of women who are street-involved and use crack cocaine: inequity, oppression, and relations of power in Vancouver\u2019s Downtown Eastside [dissertation]. University of British Columbia; 2008."},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00141.x","volume":"29","author":"L Richardson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richardson L, Wood E, Li K, Kerr T. Factors associated with employment among a cohort of injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29(3):293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00403-3","volume":"57","author":"P Braitstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braitstein P, Li K, Tyndall M, et al. Sexual violence among a cohort of injection drug users. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(3):561\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801956157","volume":"27","author":"M-J Milloy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milloy M-J, Wood E, Milloy M-J, et al. Incarceration experiences in a cohort of active injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27:693\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"2472_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3138\/cjcrim.43.2.197","volume":"43","author":"B Fischer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fischer B, Medved W, Kirst M, Rehm J. Illicit opiates and crime: results of an untreated user cohort study in Toronto. Can J Criminol. 2001;43:197.","journal-title":"Can J Criminol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2472_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.024","volume":"61","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Singer M, Bourgois P, Friedman SR, Strathdee SA. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(5):1026\u201344.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR64","first-page":"894","volume":"166","author":"PM Spittal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spittal PM, Craib KJP, Wood E, et al. Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver. CMAJ. 2002;166:894\u20139.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2472_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.10.003","volume":"17","author":"L Evans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Evans L, Strathdee SA. A roof is not enough: unstable housing, vulnerability to HIV infection and the plight of the SRO. Int J Drug Policy. 2006;17:115\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2005.00552.x","volume":"13","author":"NM Wright","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wright NM, Tompkins CN, Jones L. Exploring risk perception and behavior of homeless injecting drug users diagnosed with hepatitis C. Health Soc Care Community. 2005;13(1):75\u201383.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.11.019","volume":"18","author":"W Small","year":"2007","unstructured":"Small W, Rhodes T, Wood E, Kerr T. Public injection settings in Vancouver: physical environment, social context and risk. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(1):27\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.018","volume":"110","author":"ML Baldwin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baldwin ML, Marcus SC, De Simone J. Job loss discrimination and former substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.003","volume":"91","author":"K DeBeck","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeBeck K, Shannon K, Wood E, Li K, Montaner J, Kerr T. Income generating activities of people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91(1):50\u20136.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2472_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1086\/228585","volume":"92","author":"DB Kandel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kandel DB, Yamaguchi K. Job mobility and drug use: an event history analysis. Am J Sociol. 1987;92:836\u201378.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"2472_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700305","volume":"37","author":"JP Hoffmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoffmann JP, Dufur M, Huang L. Drug use and job quits: a longitudinal analysis. J Drug Issues. 2007;37:569\u201396.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues."},{"key":"2472_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269102100204","volume":"21","author":"JA Inciardi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Inciardi JA, Pottieger AE. Kids, crack, and crime. J Drug Issues. 1991;21:257\u201370.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues."},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000095810","volume":"13","author":"M Ribeiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ribeiro M, Dunn J, Sesso R, Lima MS, Laranjeira R. Crack cocaine: a five-year follow-up study of treated patients. Eur Addict Res. 2007;13(1):11\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2472_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200204120-00021","volume":"16","author":"E Wood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, et al. Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme. AIDS. 2002;16(6):941\u20133.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000152395.82885.c0","volume":"39","author":"ER Pouget","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pouget ER, Deren S, Fuller CM, et al. Receptive syringe sharing among injection drug users in Harlem and the Bronx during the New York State Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39(4):471\u20137.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2472_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-20","volume":"7","author":"N Fairbairn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fairbairn N, Small W, Van Borek N, Wood E, Kerr T. Social structural factors that shape assisted injecting practices among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada: a qualitative study. Harm Reduct J. 2010;7:20.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"key":"2472_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-6","volume":"7","author":"E Lloyd-Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lloyd-Smith E, Rachlis BS, Tobin D, et al. Assisted injection in outdoor venues: an observational study of risks and implications for service delivery and harm reduction programming. Harm Reduct J. 2010;7:6.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"14","key":"2472_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100108439","volume":"36","author":"SG Sherman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sherman SG, Latkin CA, Gielen AC. Social factors related to syringe sharing among injecting partners: a focus on gender. Subst Use Misuse. 2001;36(14):2113\u201336.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"2472_CR79","first-page":"981","volume":"80","author":"MK Lindsay","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lindsay MK, Peterson HB, Boring J, Gramling J, Willis S, Klein L. Crack cocaine: a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection type 1 among inner-city parturients. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(6):981\u20134.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2472_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.02.007","volume":"28","author":"L Amato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amato L, Davoli M, Perucci CA, Ferri M, Faggiano F, Mattick RP. An overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of opiate maintenance therapies: available evidence to inform clinical practice and research. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2005;28(4):321\u20139.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2472_CR81","first-page":"CD004145","volume":"8","author":"L Gowing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gowing L, Farrell MF, Bornemann R, Sullivan LE, Ali R. Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;8:CD004145.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"2472_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.037","volume":"156","author":"S Nolan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nolan S, Hayashi K, Milloy M-J, et al. The impact of low-threshold methadone maintenance treatment on mortality in a Canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:57\u201361.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2472_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.002","volume":"80","author":"T Kerr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kerr T, Marsh D, Li K, Montaner J, Wood E. Factors associated with methadone maintenance therapy use among a cohort of polysubstance using injection drug users in Vancouver. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:329\u201335.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.10.003","volume":"20","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rhodes T. Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(3):193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315129587","volume-title":"Social learning and social structure","author":"R Akers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akers R. Social learning and social structure. Abingdon: Routledge; 2017."},{"key":"2472_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.012","volume":"22","author":"K Debeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Debeck K, Wood E, Qi J, et al. Interest in low-threshold employment among people who inject illicit drugs: implications for street disorder. Int J Drug Policy. 2011;22:376\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701409404","volume":"42","author":"DJ Koo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koo DJ, Chitwood DD, S\u00e1nchez J. Factors for employment: a case-control study of fully employed and unemployed heroin users. Subst Use Misuse. 2007;42:1035\u201354.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.08.004","volume":"23","author":"L Richardson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson L, Sherman SG, Kerr T. Employment amongst people who use drugs: a new arena for research and intervention [editorial]. Int J Drug Policy. 2012;23(1):3.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-011-9440-7","volume":"48","author":"KM Ferguson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferguson KM. Merging the fields of mental health and social enterprise: lessons from abroad and cumulative findings from research with homeless youths. Community Mental Health J. 2012;48:490\u2013502.","journal-title":"Community Mental Health J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2472_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr101","volume":"22","author":"S Clayton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clayton S, Barr B, Nylen L, et al. Effectiveness of return-to-work interventions for disabled people: a systematic review of government initiatives focused on changing the behaviour of employers. Eur J Public Health. 2011;22(3):434\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health."},{"key":"2472_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2012.743506","volume":"20","author":"C Lloyd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lloyd C. The stigmatization of problem drug users: a narrative literature review. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2013;20:85\u201395.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"2472_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500101625","volume":"18","author":"SG Sherman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sherman SG, German D, Cheng Y, Marks M, Bailey-Kloche M. The evaluation of the JEWEL project: an innovative economic enhancement and HIV prevention intervention study targeting drug using women involved in prostitution. AIDS Care. 2006;18:1\u201311.","journal-title":"AIDS Care."},{"key":"2472_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.004","volume":"55","author":"G Bardwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bardwell G, Anderson S, Richardson L, et al. The perspectives of structurally vulnerable people who use drugs on volunteer stipends and work experiences provided through a drug user organization: opportunities and limitations. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:40\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2472_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701407952","volume":"42","author":"CJ Wong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong CJ, Silverman K. Establishing and maintaining job skills and professional behaviors in chronically unemployed drug abusers. Subst Use Misuse. 2007;42(7):1127\u201340.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2472_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood E, Schechter MT, Tyndall MW, Montaner\u2026 JSG. Antiretroviral medication use among injection drug users: two potential futures. AIDS. 2000.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006160-00021"},{"key":"2472_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60743-X","volume":"376","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strathdee SA, Hallett TB, Bobrova N, et al. HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. Lancet. 2010;376:268\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2472_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2010.526982","volume":"46","author":"SO Sigurdsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sigurdsson SO, DeFulio A, Long L, Silverman K. Propensity to work among chronically unemployed adult drug users. Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46:599\u2013607.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:12:10Z","timestamp":1694736730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02472-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}